導言 區域政府是中觀經濟市場主體
Introduction Regional Government Is a Market Entity of Mezzoeconomy

基于對中國改革開放成功經驗的思考和對世界市場經濟理論改革創新的探索，筆者從經濟學鼻祖斯密的第三本書《政府與法律論》入手分析，得出“企業是微觀經濟市場主體，區域政府是中觀經濟市場主體”的結論。

1759年，斯密的第一本書《道德情操論》問世，該書從分析個人行為取向的角度提出，一個人的“自我心”與對他人的“同理心”的融合，形成了一只看不見的手推動個人在社會中的生存與發展。1776年，斯密的第二本書《國富論》問世，該書從分析企業行為取向的角度提出，一個企業的“利己性”與商品生產的“利他性”的融合，形成了一只看不見的手推動企業在市場經濟中的生存與發展。1777—1790年，斯密力圖研撰第三本書《政府與法律論》¹，該書從分析國家政府行為取向的角度，探討一國政府的經濟基本職能與政府管理行為特征，從而試圖揭示國家經濟發展的內在動力、國家與國家之間的內在牽制力。斯密試圖分析國家與國家之間將可能在哪些經濟領域展開競爭，又將靠什么規則來相互協調。然而，沿著這一研究思路得出的國家政府與市場的關系，將完全顛覆與推翻他在《國富論》中對政府作為守夜人的角色的定位。因此，斯密陷入了難以自拔的矛盾之中。最終，他的第三本書夭折 ²。

于是，世界經濟學說史，沿革1776年《國富論》的幾個基本結論延續至今。第一，市場經濟聚焦在產業經濟與產業資源上；第二，在產業經濟中，政府是守夜人的角色；第三，企業是市場經濟主體。然而，筆者的研究認為，企業是市場經濟主體，但它只是微觀經濟市場主體。

In view of China′s successful experience in reform and opening-up and the reform and innovation in the world market economy theory, the author draws the conclusion that enterprises and regional governments are market entities in microeconomy and mezzoeconomy respectively after analyzing the third book of Smith: On Government and Law. Smith is the founder of economics.

In 1759, The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Smith, representing his first book, was published. In this book, he analyzed the orientation of individual behavior and proposed that an individual′s “selfinterest” and “sympathy” for others were combined as an invisible hand that promoted his survival and development in society. In 1776, his second book, The Wealth of Nations, was published, in which he analyzed the orientation of corporate behavior and proposed that the “selfishness” of a corporation and the “altruism” of commodity production were combined as an invisible hand that promoted the survival and development of the corporation in the market economy. From 1777 to 1790, Smith attempted to complete his third book, On Government and Law, in which he analyzed the orientation of state government behavior and tried to reveal the intrinsic drivers of economic development in a country and the intrinsic balance between states by discussing the basic economic functions and administrative characteristics of the government. Smith attempted to identify the economic fields where states would be likely to compete with each other and the rules that they would rely on for coordination and maintain together. Pitifully, the relationship between the state government and the market that he would ultimately conclude if he continued his research would completely undermine and overturn his claim that the government serves as a night watchman in The Wealth of Nations. Smith was caught in an inextricable paradox, and his third book eventually fell through.

Then, the history of world economics has continued to this day thanks to the several basic conclusions drawn in The Wealth of Nations in 1776. First, the market economy focuses on the industrial economy and industrial resources; second, the government serves as a night watchman in the industrial economy; third, enterprises are entities in the market economy. However, the author argues that enterprises are entities in the market economy, but only in the microeconomic dimension.

1 陳云賢：《經濟新引擎：兼論有為政府與有效市場》，外語教學與研究出版社， 2019，第13—19頁。

2 詳見本書第二章內容。