一、區域政府之間存在“三類九要素”競爭
I.“9-in-3” Competition Among Regional Governments

微觀經濟學的研究主體主要是單個經濟生產單位(企業)的經濟行為及其后果；研究對象是資源稀缺條件下的資源配置問題；研究焦點是其主要經濟變量中的價格決定機制。微觀經濟學的研究內容及其展開形成了系列理論。學習微觀經濟學有利于了解和把握微觀經濟運行規律，有效實施企業管理、改革和創新。

宏觀經濟學的研究主體主要是社會經濟總過程的活動單位(國家)的經濟行為及其后果；研究對象是一國資源配置優化中的資源利用問題；研究焦點是其經濟增長變量中的國民收入決定及其運行機制。宏觀經濟學的研究內容及其展開形成了相關核心指標、增長與波動模型、調節與管理理論、國際市場理論等。學習宏觀經濟學有利于了解和把握宏觀經濟運行規律，有效實施宏觀管理、改革和創新。

中觀經濟學的研究主體主要是區域經濟發展單位(區域政府)的經濟行為及其后果；研究對象是資源生成基礎上的資源配置問題；研究焦點是影響區域政府競爭的主要經濟變量，即區域財政收入決定機制與財政支出結構。中觀經濟學的研究內容及其展開形成了資源生成理論、政府雙重屬性理論、區域政府競爭理論、四階段資源配置理論、政府超前引領理論、經濟新引擎理論、市場競爭雙重主體理論和成熟市場經濟“雙強機制”理論等。學習中觀經濟學有利于了解和把握中觀經濟運行規律，確立科學的執政理念，制定科學的執政行為準則，優化政策工具選擇，推動經濟可持續發展。

筆者認為，區域政府之間在中觀經濟領域存在“三類九要素”競爭 ³。

第一類是區域經濟發展水平，它包括①項目競爭；②產業鏈配套競爭；③進出口競爭。

第二類是區域經濟政策措施，它包括④基礎設施競爭；⑤人才、科技競爭；⑥財政、金融競爭。

第三類是區域經濟管理效率，它包括⑦政策體系效率競爭；⑧環境體系效率競爭；⑨管理體系效率競爭。

其中，區域政府競爭的目標函數是財政收入決定機制，區域政府競爭的指標函數是區域競爭力決定機制。區域政府競爭的目標函數和指標函數的核心影響因素和關鍵支持條件主要來自“三類九要素”競爭。

在中觀經濟領域，區域政府之間存在狹義的競爭和廣義的競爭。狹義的區域政府競爭主要體現在區域政府對“準經營性資源”，即對城市基礎設施建設及其政策配套與落實的競爭，其實質是在區域公共投資性支出決定方面的競爭。廣義的區域政府競爭，包括對可經營性資源(產業經濟)、非經營性資源(民生經濟)和準經營性資源(城市經濟)的競爭，其實質是區域政府在產業發展、城市建設、社會民生中目標函數和指標函數方面的競爭，即區域財政收入決定機制和區域競爭力決定機制方面的競爭。

Microeconomics researchers basically study the economic behavior of an individual economic production unit (enterprise) and its consequences by analyzing resource allocation in the context of resource scarcity. During their research, they focus on the price determination mechanism among main economic variables. Finally, the research results and its development constitute a series of theories. By studying microeconomics, students are expected to understand and grasp the laws of microeconomic operation, so as to effectively implement management, reform and innovation in enterprises.

Differently, macroeconomics researchers basically study the economic behavior of the active unit (state) in the total socioeconomic process and its consequences by analyzing resource utilization in the context of resource allocation optimization in a country. During their research, they keep their eyes on the determination and operation mechanisms of national income among economic growth variables. On this basis, the relevant core indicators, theoretical models, growth and volatility trends, regulation and management approaches, international market theories, etc. can be drawn. By studying macroeconomics, students are expected to understand and grasp the laws of macroeconomic operation, so as to effectively practice macro management, reform and innovation.

Different from the foregoing two, mezzoeconomics researchers basically study the economic behavior of regional economic development units (regional governments) and its consequences by analyzing resource allocation on the basis of resource generation. During their research, they focus on the determination mechanism of regional fiscal revenue and the structural mechanism of fiscal expenditure. Finally, the research results and its development constitute the Resource Generation Theory, the Dual Government Attribute Theory, the Regional Government Competition Theory, the Four-stage Resource Allocation Theory, the Government Foresighted Leading Theory, the New Economic Engine Theory, the Dual-Entity of Market Competition Theory, the “Double Strong Forms” Theory in a mature market economy, etc. By studying mezzoeconomics, students are expected to understand and grasp the laws of mezzoeconomic operation, to build a scientific governance concept, to develop a scientific governing code of conduct and make a scientific choice of policy instruments, and to promote sustainable economic development.

The author argues that regional governments compete for “Nine Factors in Three Categories”(the “9-in-3” Competition) in the mezzoeconomic dimension.

The first category is the regional economic development level, including ①project competition; ②supporting industrial chain competition; ③import and export competition.

The second category is regional economic policies, including ④infrastructure competition;⑤talent and sci-tech competition; ⑥fiscal and financial competition.

The third category is the regional economic management efficiency, including ⑦policy system competition; ⑧environmental system competition; ⑨management system competition.

In this framework, the objective function and the indicator function of regional government competition are the fiscal revenue determination mechanism and the regional competitiveness determination mechanism, respectively. The core influencing factors and key supporting conditions for these two functions are basically derived from the “9-in-3”Competition.

In the mezzoeconomy, regional government competition can be defined in narrow and broad senses. Regional government competition in the narrow sense is mainly manifested in the competition of regional governments for “quasi-operative resources”, namely, urban infrastructure construction and the establishment and implementation of related policy support. Specifically, competition in this sense mainly occurs in urban infrastructure, and is essentially the competition in the determination of regional fiscal investment expenditure. Differently, regional government competition in the broad sense includes competition for operative resources (industrial economy), non-operative resources (livelihood economy) and quasi-operative resources (urban economy); it is essentially the competition among regional governments for the objective functions and indicator functions of industrial development, urban construction and social livelihood, namely, the competition of regional fiscal revenue determination and regional competitiveness determination.

3 詳見本書第三章內容。