2.24 [49] 景公養勇士三人無君臣之義晏子諫

齊景公豢養的三個勇士沒有君臣之義，晏子進諫

【原文】

公孫接、田開疆、古冶子事景公，以勇力搏虎聞。晏子過而趨，三子者不起，晏子入見公曰：“臣聞明君之蓄勇力之士也，上有君臣之義，下有長率之倫，內可以禁暴，外可以威敵，上利其功，下服其勇，故尊其位，重其祿。今君之蓄勇（士）〔力〕之（力）〔士〕也，上無君臣之義，下無長率之倫，內不〔可〕以禁暴，外不可〔以〕威敵，此危國之器也，不若去之。”公曰：“三子者，搏之恐不得，刺之恐不中也。”晏子曰：“此皆力攻勍敵之人也，無長幼之禮。”因請公使人少饋之二桃，曰：“三子何不計功而食桃？”公孫接仰天而嘆曰：“晏子，智人也！夫使公之計吾功者，不受桃，是無勇也，士眾而桃寡，何不計功而食桃矣。接一搏豜而再搏乳虎，若接之功，可以食桃而無與人同矣。”援桃而起。田開疆曰：“吾（伏）〔仗〕兵而卻三軍者再，若開疆之功，亦可以食桃，而無與人同矣。”援桃而起。古冶子曰：“吾嘗從君濟于河，黿（御）〔銜〕左驂以入砥柱之流。當是時也，冶少不能游，潛行逆流百步，順流九里，得黿而殺之，左操驂尾，右挈黿頭，鶴躍而出。津人皆曰：‘河伯也！’若冶視之，則大黿之首。若冶之功，亦可以食桃而無與人同矣。二子何不反桃！”抽劍而起。公孫接、田開疆曰：“吾勇不子若，功不子逮，（耴）〔取〕桃不讓，是貪也；然而不死，無勇也。”皆反其桃，挈領而死。古冶子曰：“二子死之，冶獨生之，不仁；恥人以言，而夸其聲，不義；恨乎所行，不死，無勇。雖然，二子同桃而節，冶專〔其〕桃而宜。”亦反其桃，挈領而死。使者復曰：“已死矣。”公殮之以服，葬之以士禮焉。

【今譯】

公孫接、田開疆和古冶子一塊兒侍奉齊景公，因為勇猛有力能和猛虎搏斗而聞名。有一次晏子從他們面前快步走過，三人沒有起來行禮，晏子進見景公說：“我聽聞賢明的君主蓄養的勇士，上能遵守君臣之間的道義，下能遵守長幼之間的倫理，對內可以制止兇暴，對外可以威懾敵人，君主因為他們的功勞而獲利，臣民因為他們的勇武而服膺，因此尊崇他們的地位，增加他們的俸祿。現在您蓄養的勇士，上不能遵守君臣之間的道義，下不能遵守長幼之間的倫理，對內不能制止兇暴，對外不能威懾敵人，這是危害國家的人，不如除掉他們。”景公說：“這三個人，靠搏斗來擊敗他們恐怕做不到，派人刺殺他們又怕刺不中。”晏子說：“他們都是些靠蠻力攻打強敵之人，不懂得長幼尊卑之禮。”于是請景公派人送去兩個桃子給他們，說：“三位勇士為什么不按功勞大小來吃桃子呢？”公孫接仰天嘆息道：“晏子真是個聰明人啊！他讓景公用這種辦法來計算我們的功勞，不能得到桃子，就是沒有勇力，人多而桃少，怎能不按功勞大小來吃桃呢？我公孫接曾經搏殺了一只體大力強的野豬，又搏殺了一只正在哺乳的老虎，像我公孫接這樣的功勞，可以吃桃子而且不用和別人同享了。”于是拿了個桃子站起來。田開疆說：“我手持兵器擊退敵軍兩次，像我田開疆這樣的功勞，也可以吃桃，不必和他人同享（桃子）。”于是拿了另一個桃子站起來。古冶子說：“我曾經跟隨國君渡黃河，有一只大黿咬住左邊拉車的馬潛入砥柱激流之中。那時候，我年紀還小不會游泳，可我潛入水中逆流行進百步，又順流行進九里，找到大黿殺了它，我左手拿著馬尾，右手拿著黿頭，像仙鶴一樣從水中躍出。渡口的人都說：‘河神！’在我看來，他們說的河神就是大黿的頭。像我古冶子這樣的功勞，也可以吃桃子而不用和他人共享。二位為何不把桃子還回來！”說完拔劍而起。公孫接和田開疆說：“我們不如您勇武，不如您功高，沒有謙讓就先拿了桃，這是貪婪；這樣還不去死，就是不勇敢。”于是二人都將桃子還回去，自刎而死。古冶子說：“二人因桃而死，只有我還活著，這是不仁；用言語羞辱人，而夸耀自己的名聲，這是不義；怨恨自己的行為，而不赴死，這是不勇敢。即便如此，但還是他們二人同吃一個桃子，我獨自吃一個桃子最合適。”于是也還回桃子，自刎而死。送桃的使者回報景公：“三人都已經死了。”于是景公命人給他們穿官服入殮，用安葬士的禮節埋葬了他們。

Gongsun Jie,Tian Kaijiang and Gu Yezi served Duke Jing and were famous for having the courage and strength to capture tigers. When Yanzi respectfully hastened by them,they did not rise. Yanzi entered the Duke’s audience and said: “I have heard that when the enlightened ruler cultivates courageous,strong officers and superiors observe norms of righteousness between ruler and ministers,and inferiors maintain the norm of following the lead of their elders. Thereby,violence is prevented inside the state while external enemies are intimidated. Superiors benefit from their achievements,and inferiors submit to their courageous deeds. Hence,the ruler elevates them to an honored position and gives them a large emolument. But now,the way you,my Lord,cultivate courageous,strong officers is the follow ing: superiors do not observe norms of righteousness between a ruler and ministers,and inferiors do not maintain the norm of follow ing the lead of their elders. Violence is not prevented inside the state,and external enem ies are not intim idated. These three officers are instrum ents for the endangerment of the state. There is no better course than to get rid of them.”

The Duke said: “I am afraid that if I try to capture these three I w ill fail,while if I try to kill them,the strike might miss.”

Yanzi said: “They are all men who attack and overpower their enemies w ith strength; they lack the proper rites between senior and junior.”

And so he asked the Duke to send someone to offer them a small present of two peaches,w ith the follow ing words: “Why don’t the three of you eat from these peaches,each an amount relating to his respective achievements?” Gongsun Jie looked up,sighed and said: “Yanzi is a clever man. It was he who made the Duke have us assess our relative achievements. Refusing to accept a peach would indicate a lack of courage: too many officers; too few peaches. Why don’t we measure our respective achievements and then each eat from the peaches in accordance with that amount? Once I captured a fully grown w ild boar,and another time a nursing tigress. For such an achievement I can eat a peach w ithout sharing it w ith anyone else.” He grabbed a peach and stood up.

Tian Kaijiang said: “Tw ice I held a weapon and made the Three Armies^[1] withdraw. For such achievements,I should also eat a peach without sharing it with someone else.” He grabbed a peach and stood up.

Gu Yezi said: “Once,when I follow ed m y ruler across the Yellow River,a giant turtle seized the left outer horse of the carriage in his jaws and plunged w ith it into a strong current as strong as that of the Polished Pillar stream.^[2] At that time I was still young and could not sw im,so I waded in the water against the current a hundred paces,and then floated w ith the current nine li downstream. There,I overtook the turtle and killed it. I held the tail of the horse tightly w ith my left hand and seized the head of the turtle in my right hand. I jumped out of the water high-stepping like a crane and all the ferrymen said: ‘This is Hebo,’^[3] but as I saw it,it was the head of the giant turtle. For such an achievement,I can also eat a peach without sharing it w ith others. Why don’t you two gentlemen return the peaches?”He drew his sword and stood up. Gongsun Jie and Tian Kaijiang said: “Our courage is not as good as yours,nor do our achievements equal to yours. To take the peaches and not to yield precedence would be greedy. However,choosing not to die under such circumstances would be a lack of courage. So both men returned their peaches,cut their own throats and died.

Gu Yezi said: “For this,these two died,and,for this,only I am still alive. This is not humaneness. To shame others w ith one’s words and to show off with one’s own fame is not righteous. To regret what you did and not to die is to lack courage. Nevertheless,if these two would have been modest and shared one peach,or if I alone had taken one peach,it would have been appropriate.” Then he too returned the peach,cut his own throat,and died. The messenger,who reported this,said: “They are dead.” The Duke had them clad in shrouds and buried them w ith the rites ordained for officers.

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注釋

[1]I.e.,the joint military forces of a large state.

[2]The Polished Pillar 砥柱 is a name of a boulder in the m idd le of the Yellow River. It was not located in Qi but in the m inor state of Guo 虢,in the present-day province of Henan.

[3]Hebo 河伯,the River God.