摘要

致歉言語行為屬于塞爾言語行為理論分類中的表達類，是我們日常交際中的禮貌言語行為之一，是我國《民法通則》中規定的民事責任的一種，可見，它是一種非常重要的語言現象。以往對致歉言語行為的研究大都是在某些方面、某個片段上的研究，本書嘗試在致歉事件的整體框架下對其展開研究，解讀致歉言語行為的實現過程，以期獲得對現代漢語致歉言語行為的全面、深刻認知。

我們對致歉言語行為的基本情況進行梳理、明確。重新定義致歉言語行為是“在交際主體A、B之間，A由于冒犯、歉疚等原因而引發的，向B表達歉意的補償性言語行為，進而恢復A與B之間的人際關系和諧（A是致歉方，B是受歉方）”。定義中強調了行為的起因和結果。致歉言語行為的性質是引發性和補償性，它的產生是有原因的，是冒犯行為引起的、歉疚心理觸發的；它的實施是以補償為結果，補償可分為兩種情況：抵消損失、消耗和補足缺欠、差額。致歉言語行為在具體實施過程中體現著彌補受歉方的補償需要，平復致歉方的不安心理，修復雙方的人際關系三種功能。其中，彌補受歉方的補償需要和平復致歉方的不安心理是直接功能，修復雙方的人際關系是間接功能。依據直接功能的分布情況，我們將致歉言語行為分為利人致歉言語行為，利己致歉言語行為，雙贏致歉言語行為，虛擬致歉言語行為四類，相對于虛擬致歉言語行為，前三類可稱為真實致歉言語行為，本書重點關注真實致歉言語行為。

致歉言語行為的結構包括致歉主體、致歉意圖、致歉形式等成分，致歉主體是致歉言語行為的實施者和接受者，分別是致歉方和受歉方。首先，致歉主體是社會主體，具有社會角色，社會角色是相對固定的。其次，致歉主體是交際主體，具有交際角色，交際角色是臨時的。致歉方和受歉方都是臨時的交際角色，他們的致歉言語行為受其固有的社會角色因素的影響。此外，致歉方是由冒犯方轉換交際角色而來的，受歉方是由被冒犯方轉換交際角色而來的。致歉意圖是致歉言語行為的核心，是致歉言語行為的出發點和回歸點。致歉意圖的實現與否是評價致歉言語行為成功與否的最重要的標準。致歉意圖是致歉方真誠實施致歉言語行為的內在動機，我們通過問卷調查得知致歉意圖的成因主要源于造成冒犯事實、致歉方感到內心歉疚、考慮受歉方感受、維護雙方人際關系和諧、遵守社會規范制約五個方面。其中，冒犯行為的發生是促使致歉方產生致歉意圖的最重要、最核心的成因。認定冒犯行為有兩條標準：一是從被冒犯者的角度來認定，這是最重要的標準，被冒犯者的感受對于某個具體行為是否構成冒犯起著決定性作用。二是從冒犯者的角度來認定，這是輔助的標準。被冒犯者和冒犯者判斷冒犯行為的標準主要源于對所在社會群體道德行為準則的習得、認可和個人生活、成長的特殊經歷的感觸。雖然雙方的認定標準來源渠道是一樣的，但是由于每個主體對所在社會群體道德、行為準則的習得、認可具體情況不同以及個人生活、成長的特殊經歷不同，所以，他們所把握的具體標準之間一定存在差異。致歉意圖的結構是：致歉[X]。這個圖式表示：致歉方有關于“X”的致歉意向，“X”是致歉意向內容。致歉意圖作為一個整體，致歉意向及意向內容都是存在的，但在具體的致歉言語表達上，如何選擇表現致歉意圖結構的語言具有一定差別。致歉意圖主要使用致歉標志語標識。致歉言語行為的實施表現為語言形式和與其相伴隨的非語言形式。

致歉言語行為的語言形式主要表現為標識致歉意圖的語言形式、標識致歉主體的語言形式以及標識致歉度的語言形式。致歉意圖必須在致歉事件框架內實現，其實現的過程，也是致歉言語行為意義的建構過程。致歉標志語包括施為動詞和人們習以為常的慣用語，如賠罪、道歉、對不起、抱歉、不好意思等，它們在句法、語義和語用上都有各自的特點。稱謂語一般位于話首，是致歉方對自己及對方交際角色的定位，恰當使用稱謂語能營造較好的致歉氛圍，收獲理想的言后效果。對受歉方的稱謂主要表現在親屬稱謂、社會稱謂、姓名稱謂和指代稱謂四大系統中的禮貌稱謂上。致歉方的自稱主要表現為貶損的自我指稱、正常的自我指稱、模糊的自我指稱。

致歉度是致歉方在致歉言語行為中表達出的歉意程度。致歉度對于致歉方和受歉方都是非常重要的因素。對于致歉方，致歉度的恰當把握可以避免其無謂損失過多的“面子”，同時，可以實現成功、得體地致歉。對于受歉方，因為遭受了某種程度的冒犯，他（她）對致歉方的致歉度是有所期待的，只有達到或超過他（她）的期待，受歉方才能真正諒解致歉方。但致歉度如果過高于冒犯度，受歉方又會質疑致歉方的交際意圖。致歉度與冒犯行為產生的冒犯度密切相關。致歉度的實現主要是依靠數量象似性原則的指導，采取語言方式中詞語、句法、重疊、策略等手段和非語言方式中表情、動作等手段。

致歉言語行為的實施將受到冒犯行為因素、致歉方對致歉言語行為的態度、交際主體個人因素及其差別、語境因素等的影響。我們認為冒犯行為是致歉言語行為最重要的制約因素，它既影響其發生的可能性，也制約其發生的方式。致歉方對致歉言語行為的態度主要影響該行為發生的可能性。致歉方對交際主體個人因素及其差別和語境因素的推測、評估主要制約致歉言語行為發生的方式。致歉意圖的落實和理解都離不開主體及其自身認知狀況的參與。主體的地位、性別、年齡、職業、性格、情緒等以及主體間的社會距離、權勢關系、性別差別、年齡差距等，這些因素都或多或少地影響致歉方話語形式的選擇。語境是語言交際時的時空環境，是非常重要的語用因素，能對表達不充分的話語做出意義補充，影響致歉方語用策略和話語形式的選擇。語境包括交際情境、交際背景和交際方式。

我們依據對1000多個致歉語例的分析、研究，抽象、概括出致歉言語行為的六大類策略：陳述冒犯事實、解釋冒犯原因、表達歉疚情感、提出補償措施、保證改過自新、請求對方諒解。

最后，我們探討了指導致歉方順利獲得致歉言語行為成功的語用原則：真誠性原則、禮貌性原則、適宜性原則和關聯性原則。

Abstract

The speech act in modern Chinese apology belongs to the expression category of Searle speech act theory, which is one of our daily communication polite speech acts and one of civil liability in Chinese civil law, visible, it is a very important language phenomenon.Previous research on apology speech acts were mostly in certain aspects and clips, this text attempts to research under the overall framework of apology event, interpret the realization process of apology speech act in order to obtain comprehensive and profound cognition of modern Chinese apology speech act.

First, we need to clear and sort out the basic situation of apology speech act.Redefine apology speech acts are“Communication between A and B, A due to offend, guilt caused by other reasons, apologize to B compensatory speech acts, in order to restore interpersonal harmony between A and B（A is apologize side, B is affected apologize side）”. Definition emphasizes the causes and consequences of behavior.Speech act of apology and compensatory nature is triggered, it generates for a reason, offensive behavior is caused by psychological trigger guilt; Its implementation is based on compensation, the compensation can be divided into two cases: offset losses, consumption and make up the shortcomings and the differences.Speech act of apology reflects the compensation requires of apology side in specific implementation process, calm down anxiety of apology side and repairs the relationships between both sides.Among them, the compensation requires of apology side and calm down anxiety of apology side are direct functions, repair the relationships are indirect function.Based on the distribution of direct function, we divide the apology speech act into four virtual apology speech act, altruistic behavior, self-serving apology speech act, win apology speech acts, relative to virtual apology speech acts, the first three can be called real apology speech act, and this article focuses on real apology speech act.

The structure of apologize apology speech act includes main body, the intention of an apology, the way of an apology and so on.The main body of apology is an apology speech act of the perpetrators and receiver respectively is an Apology party and apology receiver.First of all, the subject is the social main body; the main body of apology has the social role which is relatively fixed.Secondly, the main body of apology is communication subject, the main body of apology has communication role which is temporary.The Apology party and the apology receiver are temporary communicative roles; their apology speech act is influenced by its inherent social role factors.In addition, the apology party originates in offending party that transforms communication role; apology receiver originates in the offended party that transforms communication role.Apology intention is the core of apology speech act; apology speech act is the starting point and the point of the returning.Apologize for the realization of the intention or not is the most important standard.Apology intention carrying out apology speech act is an apology sincerely of intrinsic motivation, through the questionnaire we know apology intentions causes stems mainly from offending fact, the guilt of apology party, considering apology receiver's heart feeling, maintaining the harmonious of the interpersonal relationship and social rules and so on five aspects.Among them, the occurrence of offense is prompt apology attempt of the cause of the most important and core.Recognizing offense has two standards: one is from the Angle of the offender to recognize, this is the most important standard.The feelings for the offended play a decisive role in defining whether a particular act constitutes offensive.Second, it can be identified from the perspective of the offender, which is a secondary standard.The offended and the offender judge offensive behavior mainly on the acquisition of the ethical conduct of social groups, recognition feelings, personal life and special experiences during growing up.Although the sources of that standard of both sides are the same, the specific standards they hold varies, resulting from the differences where each body learn moral codes of social groups and behavior standards, recognition of different circumstances, personal life and special growing-up ex periences.The structure of apology intention is: apology[X], which indicates the apology intention made by apology party on X, the content of the apology.As a whole part, the intention and content of apology both do exist.However, in the specific verbal expression of apology, it differs in the language chosen to express the structure of apology intention.Apology intention mainly uses apology signs.The implementation of speech act of apology lies in linguistic form and accompanied by nonverbal form.

The language form of speech act of apology mainly performs as the language form of identifying the apology intention, the language form of identifying the apology subject and the language form of identifying the apology degree.Apology intention must be realized within the framework of the event, and the process of its implementation is also the process to construct the significance of apology.Apology signs include per formative verbs and idioms people are accustomed to, such as to, apologize, sorry, feel shy and so on.They all have their own characteristics in syntactic, semantic and pragmatic.The appellation is generally located in the beginning of sentences and is the position of the apology party apologizing to your own and the other communicative role.The appropriate use of appellations can create the better apology atmosphere, reaching the ideal perlocutionary effect.The appellation of the people who receives the apology mainly manifests in the kinship appellation, social appellation, name appellation and courtesy appellation which is one of the four big pronominal appellation systems.Self reference mainly performs depreciation of, normal self referential, normal self referential, fuzzy self referential.

Apology degree is the degree of one party expressed in the speech act of apology.Apology degree is important to both apology party and the apology party.For the apology party, the appropriate of apology is helpful to avoid the loss of too much“face”.And at the same time, it can achieve successful and graceful apology.For the apology party, because suffering from some degree of offense, he or she is expected to receive the apology, only the apology can meet the expectation from him or her, the person who receive the apology can forgive the apology party.If the apology is much higher than offence degree, the apology receiver will question the communicative intention.The apology and of fensive behavior is closely related to the degree of the offence.The apology degree is mainly depend on the quantity iconicity principles, take the language syntax, words, overlapping, strategy and non language expressions, means in action.

The implementation ofthe apology speech behavior will be effected by the offensive behavior factors, the apology party attitude of apology speech behavior, the personal factors and its differences of communicative subject, and the context factor etc.We believe that the offensive behavior is the most important factor in the apology speech behavior; it not only affects the likelihood of their occurrence, but also restricts the way of occurrence.The apology party attitude of apology speech behavior mainly affects the likelihood of behavior occurrence.The speculation and the evaluation about the personal factors of communicative subject and the contextual factors made by the apology party attitude mainly restrict the way of the apology speech behavior occurrence.The implementation of the apology intention and the understanding cannot do without the subject and its own cognition participation.The subject status, gender, age, occupation, character, emotion, as well as the intersubjective social distance, power relations, gender differences, age difference, etc., all these factors have more or less impact on the choice of speech form of the apology party attitude.The context is the time-space environment of language communication and very important pragmatic factor, and it can make fully significance supplement on the inadequate expression of speech, affecting the pragmatic strategies and the choice of the speech form.The context includes the communicative context, communicative background and communicative way.

Based on the study and research of more than 1000 apologies cases, six kinds of expressions of the speech act of Apology have been summarized: Statement of fact, explain offend reasons, expression of guilt emotion, puts forward compensation measures, ensure to start with a clean slate, request others to forgive.

At last, the pragmatic principles, which are used to give someguidance to apology party to get the successful apology speech act.That is sincerity principle, polite principle, appropriate principle and relevant principle.