第四節 英語動詞語法特點

——英語學習的重點和難點

動詞語法可謂英語學習和考試中最復雜和最重要的語法現象，也是我們學習的重點和難點，其內容包括動詞的時態、語態、語氣以及動詞非謂語形式。為了考生復習方便，現將各考點分別歸納如下。

一、謂語動詞

（一）動詞時態、語態

謂語是動詞在英語句子中的主要形式之一，每一個謂語動詞必然體現出時態語態和語氣的三重屬性，對于這三重屬性的準確把握直接決定了考生的閱讀和寫作能力。時態是指什么時間內動作的狀態，所以時態離不開時間狀語；動作的狀態又是通過助動詞（do, have, be）和情態動詞（will, shall）來表達的。漢語的時態大多是通過副詞來表達的，如：著，了，過，已經等；而英語的時態是靠動詞的變化和時間狀語來表達的。英語中的時態共有十六種，但是常考的或較常用的大概有9種，而且重點測試完成時態。要掌握英語的時態，必須從每種時態的概念、構成和時間狀語等三個方面重點把握。

1．一般現在時

主要用來表示人、事物的現在狀況和特點；表示經常或習慣性的動作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time, usually, sometimes, every day等時間狀語；表示客觀規律和永恒真理等。

He usually goes to work at 7 o'clock every morning.

She has a brother who lives in New York.

The earth goes around the sun.

Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.

考點一：表示永恒的真理，即使出現在過去的語境中，仍用一般現在時。如：

I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.

考點二：在時間和條件狀語從句中，代替一般將來時。常用的引導詞有：

時間：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day；條件：if, unless, provided.

If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.

考點三：在make sure（certain）, see to it, mind, care, matter+賓語從句，從句用一般現在時代替一般將來時。

So long as he works hard, I don't mind when he finishes the experiment.

只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么時候做完試驗。

考點四：在the more...the more...（越……越……）句型中，若主句是一般將來時，從句通常用一般現在時。

The harder you study, the better results you will get.

2．現在進行時

表示說話時或目前一段時間內正在進行的活動，或表示感情色彩，加強語氣。與頻率副詞，如always, constantly, continually, again等連用表示說話人的某種感情色彩（贊嘆、厭煩、埋怨等）。

We are having English class.

The house is being built these days.

The little boy is always making trouble.

考點一：在時間狀語或條件狀語從句中表示將來正在進行的動作。

Look out when you are crossing the street.

Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.

考點二：表示在最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作（這時多有表示將來的時間狀語）。

Marry is leaving on Friday.

3．現在完成時

表示動作發生在過去，完成在過去，但強調與現在情況仍有聯系，其結果或影響仍存在。現在完成時有一些標志性的時間狀語。

考點一：for+時間段；since+時間點

They have lived in Beijing for five years.

They have lived in Beijing since 1995.

I have learned English for ten years.

考點二：常見的不確定的時間狀語：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days。

Has it stopped raining yet?

考點三：在表示“最近幾世紀/年/月以來……”的時間狀語中，謂語動詞用現在完成時。

in the past few years/months/weeks/days; over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history等

考點四：表示“第幾次做某事”，或在“It is the best（worst, most interesting）+名詞+that”后面跟現在完成時。

This is my first time that I have visited China.

This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.

That is the only book that he has written.

4．一般過去時

表示在過去某個特定時間發生且完成的動作，或過去習慣性動作，不強調對現在的影響，只說明過去。常跟明確的過去時間連用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when。

考點一：used to+do，表示過去經常但現在已不再維持的習慣動作。to為不定式，后接動詞原形。

He used to smoke a lot.

be/become/get used to+doing表示“習慣于”

He has got used to getting up early．他已經習慣早起。

考點二：在時間和條件狀語從句中，代替過去將來時。

He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise.

5．過去進行時

表示過去某個時間點或某段時間內正在發生的動作。

The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.

He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.

What were you doing at nine last night?

The radio was being repaired when you called me.

6．過去完成時

表示過去某個時間之前已經完成的動作，即過去完成時的動作發生在“過去的過去”，句中有明顯的參照動作或時間狀語，這種時態從來不孤立使用（before, after, by, up till）。

There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.

By the end of last term we had finished the book.

They finished earlier than we had expected.

考點一：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner...than句型中，主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時。

I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.

I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.

No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.（注意主謂倒裝）

考點二：表示“第幾次做某事”，主句用過去時，從句用過去完成時。

That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.

It was 3 years since we had parted。

考點三：動詞hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用過去完成時，表示未實現的愿望、打算和意圖。

I had hoped that I could do the job.

I had intended to see you but I was too busy.

7．一般將來時

表示在將來某個時間會發生的動作或情況。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示將來的時間狀語連用，其表現形式多達5種。

Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.

考點一：一般將來時總是用在一些時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句的主句中。

We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.

（主句用一般將來時，從句中一定要用一般現在時替代一般將來時。）

考點二：某些表示短暫性動作的動詞如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用現在進行時形式表示將來。

I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

考點三：“祈使句+and/or+句子”，這種結構中and后面的句子謂語用一般將來時。

Use your head and you will find a way.

考點四：“am（is, are）going to+動詞原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要發生的事。

“am（is, are）about to+動詞原形”表示按照預定計劃或打算準備著手進行的動作。

“am（is, are）to+動詞原形”表示必須、必然或計劃將要做的事。

They are to be married in this May.

8．將來進行時

表示將來某個時間正在發生的動作，或按計劃一定會發生的事情。

I'll be doing my homework this time tomorrow．明天這會我正在寫作業。

The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.

9．將來完成時

表示在將來某時刻之前業已完成的事情，時間狀語非常明顯。

考點一：常用的時間狀語一般用by+將來的時間。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o'clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time..., before或when等引導的副詞從句。

By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1,000 miles on foot.

By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.

By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.

考點二：在時間和條件狀語從句中，將來完成時則由現在完成時表示。

The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.

（二）動詞的語態

主要用來強調受者，除非是雙賓語，句中謂語動詞后面不再有名詞或賓語。動詞的語態一般不單獨考，而是和時態、語氣和非謂語動詞一起考，只是需要注意以下考點。

考點一：不能用于被動語態的動詞和詞組。

come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed

It took place before liberation.

考點二：下列動詞的主動語態表示被動意義，而且常與well, quite, easily, badly等副詞連用。

lock（鎖）; wash（洗）; sell（賣）; read（讀）; wear（穿）; blame（責備）; ride（乘坐）; write（寫）

Glass breaks easily．玻璃容易破碎。

The car rides smoothly．這車走起來很穩。

The case locks easily．這箱子很好鎖。

The book sells well．這本書很暢銷。

考點三：一些常用經典被動句型。

It is said..., It is reported..., It is widely believed..., It is expected..., It is estimated...，這些句子一般翻譯為“據說……”, “人們認為……”，而“以前人們認為……”則應該說：It was believed..., It was thought...

英語動詞時態和語態專項訓練題

1．Turn on the television or open a magazine and you________advertisements showing happy, balanced families.

A．are often seeing

B．often see

C．will often see

D．have often seen

2．The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence,________and perfected now.

A．developed

B．have developed

C．are being developed

D．will have been developed

3．It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory________by about 10%.

A．will have risen

B．has risen

C．will be rising

D．has been rising

4．Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection________to the nation.

A．has left

B．is to leave

C．leaves

D．is to be left

5．As________announced in today's papers, the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also open on Sundays.

A．being

B．is

C．to be

D．been

6．Once environmental damage________, it takes many years for the system to recover.

A．has done

B．is to do

C．does

D．is done

7．Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university________.

A．has been accepted

B．have been accepted

C．was accepted

D．were accepted

8．The last half of the nineteenth century________the steady improvement in the means of travel.

A．has witnessed

B．was witnessed

C．witnessed

D．is witnessed

9．These surveys indicate that many crimes go________by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.

A．unrecorded

B．to be unrecorded

C．unrecording

D．to have been unrecorded

10．________evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.

A．It is

B．There is

C．If being

D．There being

11．She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she________too long.

A．has been reading

B．had read

C．is reading

D．read

12．This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen________comfortably.

A．is worn

B．wears

C．wearing

D．are worn

13．Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone________them.

A．discovered

B．will discover

C．would have discovered

D．discovers

14．He________with Smith at least four times in the past three years.

A．has been seen to meet

B．was seen to meet

C．had been seen meeting

D．is seen meeting

15．They fulfilled the plan much earlier than they________.

A．have expected

B．are expected

C．were expected

D．had expected

16．The school board listened quietly as John read the demands that his followers________for.

A．be demonstrating

B．had been demonstrating

C．demonstrate

D．have demonstrated

17．By the time you arrive in London, we________in Europe for two weeks.

A．shall stay

B．have stayed

C．will have stayed

D．have been staying

18．Between 1897 and 1919, at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed________.

A．had produced

B．have been produced

C．would have produced

D．had been produced

19．Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage________avoided.

A．is to be

B．can be

C．will be

D．has been

20．She felt suitably humble just as she________when she had first taken a good look at herself, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed.

A．had

B．had had

C．would have had

D．has had

英語動詞時態和語態專項訓練及詳解：

1．“祈使句+and+簡單句”可看作一種固定結構，“祈使句”部分意思相當于“if”引導的從句，“and”后面單句中一般用將來時表達。C項符合這一用法。題意：打開電視，翻開雜志，你都會看到幸福、和諧的家庭生活的廣告。

2．空格處動詞應用被動語態，A、B兩項首先排除，C項和D項的區別在于時態不同，根據句尾的now，應選擇進行時。C項符合要求。題意：帶有人工智能的第五代計算機目前正在被開發和完善。

3．句中的時間狀語by the end of this month應與將來完成時連用，A項為將來完成時，符合要求。題意：據報道，到本月底為止這個工廠的水泥產量會上升大約10%。

4．根據that從句中主語much和leave的關系，應使用被動語態不定式，用be+to不定式表示將來一定要發生的動作。四項中只有D項符合此意。題意：78歲的丹尼斯爵士已經向眾人宣布他的許多收藏品將獻給國家。

5．本句結構是非限制性定語從句置于句首，關系代詞應用as。在該定語從句中，announce為及物動詞，后面沒跟賓語，所以應使用被動式，唯B項符合條件。題意：上海出口商品交易會在星期天也開放，這在今天的報紙上已公布了。

6．當do作“造成”解時，是及物動詞，因空格后沒有賓語，所以應選用被動語態。D項正確。題意：一旦環境被破壞，恢復起來需要許多年。

7．本題測試時態及單復數問題。neither是單數概念，可排除B、D兩項。根據定語從句中使用過去完成時，主句應使用一般過去時，A項被排除，唯C項正確。題意：這兩個到該大學求職的年輕人都沒有被錄用。

8．句中所填動詞后跟有賓語，為主動語態。因此排除表示被動的B、D兩項。A、C兩項的區別在于時態。根據主語the last half of the nineteenth century，應選C。題意：在19世紀后期旅游交通工具日益改進。

9．句中go為系動詞，后接過去分詞，表被動意義，意為“保持某種狀態”。故A為正確答案。題意：這些調查表明，許多犯罪沒有被警察記錄，主要是因為并非所有的受害者都報了案。

10．根據題句結構分析，句中that引導的從句為同位語從句，所以，空格處所選項應與evidence構成主句。能構成完整句子的選擇項有A、B兩項。根據句意與結構要求只能選擇B項。如果選A項，則形成強調句式，而evidence又不可能作后面句子某一成分，故應排除。如果把it看作代詞，又無上下文表明指代對象，所以也是不恰當的。題意：有證據表明，學習語言的能力必須被激發。

11．句中謂語動詞都用了一般現在時，只有選擇A項，該句的時態和意思才正確。題意：因為一直在讀書所以她頭痛。她應該停止工作。

12．本題涉及wear等動詞的習慣用法。英語中有不少動詞與“well”等副詞連用，其主動形式表示被動意義。如：The essay reads smoothly.（這篇文章讀來非常流暢）。The knife cuts well.（這把刀用起來鋒利）。The cloth washes easily.（這布料好洗）。根據句意，選擇B項，該句并不強調“眼鏡被戴著”。題意：由有經驗的匠人做的這類眼鏡戴著舒服。

13．在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，可用一般現在時表示一般將來，用一般過去時表示過去將來。應選D。題意：這類犯罪可能非常復雜，以至于在被發現之前時間都已經過去了幾個月甚至幾年。

14．根據句末的時間狀語in the past three years可以斷定，只能使用現在完成時，故A正確。題意：在過去三年中，有人看見他與史密斯至少會面四次。

15．主句中使用的是過去時，而expect（期待）這一動作必然發生在fulfilled the plan（完成計劃）之前，即“過去的過去”，因此應使用過去完成時。四個選項中A為現在完成時，B和C選項用了被動語態，都不符合題意。只有D正確。題意：他們完成了計劃，比他們預期的早得多。

16．定語從句中的謂語動詞demonstrate發生在主句謂語動詞listen之前，且延續到現在。主句動詞用過去式，定語從句中的動詞就要用過去完成進行時。故B正確。陷阱：很多同學見到demand就想到虛擬語氣，只有當表示“建議”、“命令”的詞后的從句是同位語從句時，從句中的動詞才用虛擬語氣。題意：當約翰讀著同伙們的要求時，校董事會靜靜地聽著。

17．by the time后接一般現在時的句子，其主句通常用將來完成時。故C為正確答案。題意：你到達倫敦時，我們在歐洲已待了兩周了。

18．本題時間狀語為1897年到1919年，只能用過去時態，句子主語motion pictures和謂語動詞之間是動賓關系。因此應選D。題意：在1987年到1919年期間，至少拍攝了29部描寫人造生物的電影。

19．本句包含一個if引導的從句，be to do在這里用于條件從句，表將來，意為“如果……的話，……”。應選A。題意：若要避免糧食短缺，就必須加大力度來增加農業產量。

20．從句中的謂語動詞應和主句時態一致。應選A。題意：當他仔細打量她自己時，卷曲的金黃色的頭發和鮮紅尖長的指甲使她深感自卑，就像她以往所表現的那樣。

（三）謂語動詞的語氣

語氣用來表示說話者的意圖和態度；盡管英語中有陳述語氣（indicative mood）、祈使語氣（imperative mood）、虛擬語氣（subjunctive mood），但是專業碩士聯考中考的最多的是虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣在英語里主要用來表達：（1）非真實的情景，不可能發生的事，即某種與事實相反或難以實現的情況，或說話人主觀愿望。（2）與客觀事實相反的情景，即強制性虛擬語氣，表示建議、命令、勸告這一類的意思，表示強烈的要求做到、必須做到這樣的含義。

虛擬語氣的表達形式是通過動詞的變化形式表達的，其特點是主從句時態的不一致，而且一般有明顯的標志。具體考點如下。

考點一：if句型（共有三種句型）

1．與現在的事實相反

從句用一般過去時，主句的謂語用would（could, might）+動詞原形

If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day.

2．與過去的事實相反

從句用過去完成時，主句的謂語用would（could, might）+現在完成時

If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree.

3．與將來的事實相反

從句用should（were to, did）+動詞原形，主句的謂語用would（could, might）+動詞原形

If it should/were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.

4．虛擬語氣條件句中if的省略，此時主謂要倒裝。

Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exam.

5．條件句發生的動作和主句發生的動作不一致（例如：條件句動作發生在過去，主句的動作發生在現在），謂語動詞要根據表示的時間進行調整。

If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would feel much better now.

If I were you, I wouldn't have missed the film last night.

考點二：wish句型，表達“但愿……，要是……多好”的語氣

wish后賓語從句用虛擬語氣，其謂語部分有時態變化：表示對現在情況進行虛擬時，動詞用一般過去時（如did）；對過去的情況進行虛擬時，動詞用“過去完成時（如had done）或情態動詞的過去時+動詞的現在完成時（如could have done）”形式；表示情況的虛擬時，用“情態動詞的過去時形式+動詞原形（如might do）。”

I wish I had been to the concert last night.

I wish he would forgive me.

I wish I would remember all the English words in a week.

同例：在as if/as though引導的狀語從句中和以if only引起的感嘆句中，謂語動詞與wish引導的賓語從句中的虛擬形式相同。例：

He talked as if he had known Tom for a long time.

He talks as if he were the boss．他說起話來就像他是老板。

If only I were free now.（注意：if only...后面可以不加主句）

考點三：在強制性語氣的賓語從句中，即表示建議、命令、勸告、決心等主觀色彩的動詞+that+（should）+動詞原形，其中should經常被省略。這類動詞包括：

suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, advise, decree（發布命令；下令）, determine, prefer, stipulate, move（動議，規定）, direct（命令）, maintain（堅持）, decide, ask

I suggest that you（should）not be late again next time.

I prefer that you（should）not do that．我認為你還是別干那件事的好。

注意：（1）以上動詞轉化為名詞（如：suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference, resolution, indication等）后接同位語從句或表語從句時，從句要求用虛擬語氣，其謂語部分用“（should）+動詞原形”（should可省略）。

We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.

His demand is that all of us（should）be present at the meeting.

（2）以上這類動詞中有時候有的動詞的賓語從句不用虛擬語氣，必須根據句子的意思來判斷。

What he said suggested（表明）that he did not agree with us.

考點四：It is/was+形容詞/過去分詞+that+（should）+動詞原形，這些形容詞主要表示必要性、重要性、強制性、合適性、義務性，即某人對某事的反應。

important, natural, desirable, possible, astonishing, advisable（可取的，明智的）, anxious, appropriate, compulsory（義務的，強制的，強迫的）, crucial（至關緊要的）, eager, essential, fitting, imperative（命令的，強制的，必要的）, improper, natural, necessary, obligatory（義不容辭的，必須的）, preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing shocked, requested

It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline.

It is requested that a vote be taken．有人提請投票表決。

It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us.

注意：表示不可思議、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃驚這樣的形容詞如amazing, strange, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable, incredible等后的that從句中should一般不省略，而且翻譯為“竟然”，表示說話人的驚異、懊悔、失望等情感。

It is surprising that they should pass the time like that.

It is incredible that Jane should have finished her paper so soon.

It is strange that there should be any hope of finding the lost child.

考點五：would rather..., would sooner..., had rather..., would just as soon..., would prefer...意為“寧可，但愿”。從句用虛擬語氣，若表示現在或將來的事情，謂語用過去時；若表示過去的動作，用過去完成時。

I would rather that you painted the room green.

I'd just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.

考點六：It's（about/high/good）time that...，表示“該是……的時候了”，含有“晚一點兒”的意思，表示建議現在應該做什么事，從句一般用一般過去時。

It's time you went to bed.

It's high time that we took action.

考點七：在lest that..., for fear that..., in case that...引導的表示消極意義的目的主語從句中常用虛擬語氣，表示“唯恐，以免”，從句用should+動詞原形。

He put his coat over the child for fear（lest）that he should catch cold.

He emphasized it again and again lest she（should）forget.

Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot.（注意：該句陳述某一事實）

考點八：含蓄虛擬條件句

含蓄虛擬條件句是指沒有出現由if引導的條件句，而條件句的意思是用其他方式表達的。如：without, but for, otherwise, or, but that, given, provided, supposing, were it not for，等等。

Without your help, we couldn't have finished the work on time.

But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night.

I wouldn't have succeeded without your help.

We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.

動詞虛擬語氣專項訓練

1．Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she________a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.

A．has to get

B．were to get

C．had got

D．could have got

2．________before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.

A．Had they arrived

B．Would they arrive

C．Were they arriving

D．Were they to arrive

3．I don't think it advisable that Tim________to the job since he has no experience.

A．is assigned

B．will be assigned

C．be assigned

D．has been assigned

4．Some women________a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.

A．must make

B．should have made

C．would make

D．could have made

5．Things might have been much worse if the mother________on her right to keep the baby.

A．has been insisting

B．had insisted

C．would insist

D．insisted

6．While crossing the mountain area, all the men carried guns lest they________by wild animals.

A．should be attacked

B．had been attacked

C．must be attacked

D．would be attacked

7．Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,________they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.

A．be

B．being

C．were

D．are

8．There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened,________a sudden loud noise.

A．being there

B．should there be

C．there was

D．there having been

9．Mary________my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.（91-y）

A．has received

B．ought to have received

C．couldn't have received

D．shouldn't have received

10．In the past men generally preferred that their wives________in the home.

A．worked

B．would work

C．work

D．were working

11．Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he________our chairman now.

A．must have been

B．would have been

C．were

D．would be

12．The board deemed it urgent that these files________right away.

A．had to be printed

B．should have been printed

C．must be printed

D．should be printed

13．If you________Jerry Brown until recently, you'd think the photograph on the right was strange.

A．shouldn't contact

B．weren't contact

C．didn't contact

D．hadn't contacted

14．Jean Wagner's most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it________in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.

A．is to be analyzed

B．has been analyzed

C．be analyzed

D．should have been analyzed

15．The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand，________all practical value by the time they were finished.

A．could lose

B．would have lost

C．might lose

D．ought to have lost

16．A safety analysis________the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.

A．would identify

B．will identify

C．would have identified

D．will have identified

17．I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I________fully occupied the whole of last week.

A．were

B．had been

C．have been

D．was

18．I apologize if I________you, but I assure you it was unintentional.

A．offend

B．had offended

C．should have offended

D．might have offended

19．________for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.

A．Had it not been

B．Were it not

C．Be it not

D．Should it not be

20．If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I________my head in my hands for a cry.

A．bury

B．am burying

C．buried

D．would bury

動詞虛擬語氣專項訓練答案及詳解：

1．本句由because引導的原因狀語從句中含有一個虛擬條件句。if條件從句謂語動詞的時態應對應主句的wouldn't be able to，即不是一般過去時，就是虛擬條件句將來時的特殊形式were to，據此排除A、C、D三項。唯B項符合要求。題意：Jean不想馬上工作，因為她認為如果去工作，也許她就不可能經常見到她的朋友。

2．根據主句中should have，虛擬條件句中謂語應使用were to或should+動詞原形，省略if時，were或should須提前構成倒裝，唯D項符合條件。題意：如果他們在我們后天離開之前到達，那我們就可以開一個宴會了。

3．在It is advisable/important...that...句型中，that引導的主語從句中的謂語應用虛擬語氣，形式為“（should）+動詞原形”（should可省略）。應選C。題意：我覺得派Tim做這項工作不合適，因為他沒有經驗。

4．根據句意，應該選表示過去可以做到而未做的動作，所以D項“could+完成時”正確。題意：有的婦女本可掙到高薪而不是像現在這樣待在家里，但她們卻決定為了家庭的緣故不出去工作。

5．根據主句的動詞形式，可知這是一個與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣，所以從句的謂語動詞應用“had+過去分詞”的形式，因此應選B。題意：如果母親堅持她自己帶嬰兒的權利，事情也許會糟得多。

6．在lest、in case、for fear that引導的目的狀語從句中，其虛擬語氣的謂語動詞為may/might/can/could/should+動詞原形，情態動詞可省略。因此應選A。題意：在穿行山區的時候，所有的人都拿著槍，唯恐遭到野獸的襲擊。

7．本題考查be-型虛擬語氣結構，通常用動詞原形開頭，有讓步含義。故A為正確答案。題意：我們所使用的“教派”一詞指所有的宗教團體，不管它們是基督教、伊斯蘭教、佛教、猶太教等。

8．句中that引導的從句these animals could be frightened,________a sudden loud noise是possibility的同位語，其中包括一個表示與將來事實相反的虛擬語氣句，條件從句中沒有if，應用部分倒裝，將助動詞should移至句首。B正確。題意：萬一突然有巨響，這些動物就會受驚嚇，這確實有可能。

9．句中otherwise意為“否則”，其后用虛擬語氣。A．不合題意；B．表示過去應該做而實際卻沒有做，不合題意；C．表示對過去的否定性推測；D．表示過去不應該做而實際卻做了，不合題意。故正確答案為C。題意：瑪麗多半沒有收到我的信，否則她此前早就回信了。

10．英語中command, desire, determine, insist, maintain, propose, prefer, request, recommend, urge, move, require, suggest, order等詞后的賓語從句中要用虛擬語氣（should+動詞原形）。正確答案為C。題意：在過去男人一般更喜歡他們的妻子在家干活。

11．該句為錯綜時間的虛擬語氣，即從句與過去事實相反，而主句與現在事實相反。B為與過去事實相反的虛擬形式。A只表示對過去行為的肯定推測，不是虛擬形式。正確答案為D。題意：如果保羅在上次競選中再多得六票，他現在就是我們的主席了。

12．在advisable, desirable, essential, important, imperative, natural, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital等形容詞后面的從句中，謂語動詞多用原形或should+動詞原形。A．不是虛擬語氣；B．“本應印刷出來”，不是虛擬語氣；C．不是虛擬語氣。正確答案為D。題意：董事會認為這些文件應立即印出來。

13．根據條件句中的時間狀語可知，條件句與過去事實相反，因此用過去完成時。正確答案為D。題意：如果最近還沒和杰里·布朗接觸的話，你會覺得右邊的照片有點兒陌生。

14．名詞insistence后面的同位語從句要用虛擬語氣。答案為C。題意：瓊·瓦戈納對美國黑人詩歌研究的最杰出的貢獻是，他堅持認為不僅要以世俗的觀點也要以宗教的框架來分析他們的詩。

15．句中含有一個省略了if的條件句，主句的謂語動詞應和從句一致，用虛擬語氣。答案為B。題意：所涉及的數百萬次運算，如果用手工進行，等到完成時恐怕早就失去所有的實用價值了。

16．句中unfortunately表示轉折，其前面的句子應用虛擬語氣。除了unfortunately還有or, or else, otherwise, but等表示轉折的詞可以這樣用。表示與過去事實相反的假設，應用情態動詞加不定式完成形式。答案為C。題意：安全分析本來可以鑒定出預定目標是一種潛在危險，不幸的是，從未這么做過。

17．本題測試虛擬語氣與真實條件混合在一起的句子。后一句陳述的是一個過去的事實，不必用虛擬語氣。答案為D。題意：如果有一點兒可能，我都會回到醫院去看望他，但是，上星期整整一周我都很忙，抽不開身來。

18．本題為錯綜時間虛擬條件句：條件從句和主句表示的動作在時間上不一致。本句應表示與過去事實相反的假設，所以選B。題意：如果我當時冒犯了你，我向你道歉，但是，我向你保證那不是故意的。

19．句意要求從句表示與過去事實相反，從句為省略了if的條件句。B為虛擬現在時，不合題意；C不是虛擬形式；D為虛擬將來時。正確答案為A。題意：要不是老百姓的及時投資，我們公司不會像現在這樣興旺。

20．it's about time后應接過去式。答案為C。題意：假如我是電影中的那個角色，我早就用手抱著頭哭了。

二、非謂語動詞

所謂非謂語動詞，是指不能作謂語的動詞。由于英語一個句子只能有一個謂語，如果一個句中出現了兩個以上的動詞，那么就只能由一個動詞作謂語，其他的動詞只能以非謂語的形式出現。其特點是非謂語動詞不受主語人稱和數的限制，但它又具有動詞的某些特征，不僅可以接賓語，而且還有時態和語態的變化。此外它可以作主語、表語、賓語、賓補、定語、狀語和同位語。非謂語動詞不僅是語法學習的重點和難點，也是每年必考的語法知識。具體表現形式有三種：1．動詞不定式to+v;2．動名詞v-ing;3．過去分詞ved。三者的核心含義和區別如下：

動詞不定式to+v一般用來表示目的或結果，或者某個具體的動作。

動名詞v-ing一般用來表示動作的主動概念和進行意義。

過去分詞v-ed一般用來表示動作的被動概念和完成意義。

（一）動詞不定式

考點一：直接接動詞不定式做賓語的動詞。

這一類動詞往往表示請求、要求、選擇、決定、打算、企圖等。

He pledged never to come back until he had made great success.

I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes．我對花那么多錢買衣服猶豫不決。

考點二：在以下情況下常使用不帶（或省略）to的動詞不定式。

1．感官動詞后面：feel, listen, hear, look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceive。

I saw a man enter the shop.

2．個別表示使役意義的動詞，如：have, let, make。

The teacher has us write a composition every week.

3．一些情態動詞，had better, would rather...than..., would sooner...than..., rather than, may well do, may as well do（還是……好了）, can not but..., can not help but...等句型。

Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi.

We might as well put up here for tonight.

4．在do（did, does, done）nothing（anything, everything）but（except）do句型中。

I can do nothing but follow your advice.

如果but或except之前沒有do, help，其后的to不能省略。

There is no choice but to wait and see.

5．由all, what引導的主語從句或者主語被only, first, one, least或形容詞最高級修飾時，而且從句中含有do時，其表語如果是動詞不定式，則往往省去to。

What I have to do is take a rest.

The only thing I could do was do it myself.

6．由并列連詞and, except, but, than, or連接兩個以上的具有相同意義或功能的不定式時，第二個動詞不定式不帶to。

I'd like to stay with you, help you and learn from you.

She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.

注意：如果兩個不定式表示對照或對比時，則不能省略to。

To try and fail is better than not to try at all．嘗試而失敗也比不嘗試好。

He hasn't decided weather to quit or to stay．他還沒有決定是去還是留。

To be or not to be, that is a question．是生存還是死亡，這是一個問題。

考點三：有些動詞后一般跟“疑問詞+動詞不定式”作賓語。

如：consider, discover, discuss, explain, guess, know, inquire, observe, show, teach, understand, wonder等。

I wonder who to invite．我不知請誰。

Ask my brother where to put the car．問一下我哥車停在哪兒。

（二）動名詞

考點一：直接接動名詞做賓語的動詞。

Forbid smoking on trains．火車上禁止吸煙。

We have to postpone sending our answer to the request.

我們不得不暫緩寄出對申請書的答復。

注意：上述動詞中allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend在有人作賓語時，則后接不定式作賓語補足語，如allow somebody to do something。

I recommended going by subway．我建議坐地鐵去。

The doctor recommended me to take a few days' rest．醫生勸我休息幾天。

考點二：下列短語中to為介詞，后面只能接動名詞或名詞。

No woman could succeed to the throne．婦女不能繼承王位。

I am looking forward to seeing you again．我盼著再見到你。

考點三：在demand, deserve, need, require, want, worth等詞后面接動名詞形式表示被動的意思，即用主動形式表示被動意義。如果接不定式，必須用不定式的被動形式。

My socks want mending/to be mended.

This grammatical rule deserves mentioning.

That novel is well worth reading.

考點四：在下列it作形式主語或形式賓語的句型中，用動名詞作邏輯主語或邏輯賓語。

It is no use（no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名詞）+doing sth.

It is good（nice, interesting, useless等形容詞）+doing sth.

There is no point（use, sense, good等名詞）+doing sth.

It's no use crying over spilt milk．后悔沒有用。

It's simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.

There is no point in my going out to date someone．現在讓我出去和別人拍拖沒有用。

I find it no good advising him to go with us．我發現建議他和我們一起去沒什么好處。

考點五：在“have difficulty（trouble, problem, pleasure, a difficult time）（in）doing sth.”結構中，后接動名詞；但注意take the trouble to do sth., have no time to do sth．后接不定式。

The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students.

I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.

考點六：下列動詞既可接不定式，也可接動名詞，但表示的意義不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未發生；而動名詞則表示事情已經發生于這些動詞之前。這些動詞有：

remember to do sth．記得將要去做某事

remember doing sth．記得已經做過某事

Please remember to take the medicine.（還沒吃）

I remember taking the medicine.（已經吃過）

forget to do sth．忘記了該做的事情

forget doing sth．忘記了已經做過了的事情

I forgot to mail the letter.（沒有發信）

I forgot mailing the letter.（忘記曾經發過信）

stop to do sth．停止手中的事去做另一件事

stop doing sth．停止正在做的事情

We stopped to have a rest.

I really must stop smoking.

go on to do sth．繼續做另一件事情

go on doing sth．繼續做正在做的事

The president welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations.

Peter went on sleeping despite the noise outside.

try to do sth．努力，試圖去做某事

try doing sth．嘗試，試著做某事

He tried to climb the tree, but he could not.

Have you tried this chocolate?

mean to do sth．打算做某事

mean doing sth．意味著做某事

I don't mean to be rude, but could you stop smoking?

Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit.

regret to do sth．對某事感到遺憾

regret doing sth．后悔做過某事

I regret to tell you that you failed the test.

I regret lending him so much money. He never paid me back.

（三）非謂語動詞的其他考點

考點一：獨立主格結構

分詞的獨立結構可放在句首或句尾，常常在句中作狀語，可以表示時間、原因、條件，方式或伴隨情況。分詞短語作狀語時，它的邏輯主語是句子的主語。如果分詞短語有自己的邏輯主語（一般為名詞），它便是分詞的獨立結構。該分詞與其邏輯主語有著邏輯上的主謂關系，常常用逗號與主句隔開。如果邏輯主語與分詞的關系是主謂關系，就用現在分詞；如果是動賓關系就用過去分詞。至于分詞的時態則要看主句的謂語動詞的時態，如果主句的謂語是一般現在時，分詞結構一般用過去時；如果主句的謂語是一般過去時，分詞結構則用過去完成時。即having done或having been done。

分詞的獨立結構前也可以有with, without或there。with本身沒有詞義，there實際上是引導詞，being后面的名詞才是分詞的邏輯主語。

Weather permitting, we'll be going fishing tomorrow.

The students having finished reading the text, the teacher went on to ask them some questions.

All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.

With her hair beautifully done, the customer left the hair-dresser's happily.

With night coming on, they went home．天晚了，他們回家了。

He left home, without a single word said．沒說一句話，他就離開了家。

There being nothing to do, we played games．沒什么可做的，我們于是玩游戲。

考點二：非謂語動詞三種表示被動的結構。（語法常考題）

to be done不定式的被動態表示將來的動作；

being done用來表示動作的正在（被）進行或者表示原因、條件等；

done（having been done）表示動作的被動關系或過去完成狀態。

Are you going to attend the meeting to be held nest meeting?

The question being discussed is very important.

Did you attend the press conference held in Beijing last week?

All flights having been cancelled, they had to take the train.

考點三：分詞的短語的固定表達方式，一般不受主語一致的限制。如：

according to...（根據）, judging from...（從……判斷）, talking of...（談到），

owing to...（由于）, taking everything into consideration...（全盤考慮），

allowing for...（考慮到……）, leaving...on one side...（拋開……不談），

generally speaking（總的說來）, frankly speaking（坦率地說）, roughly speaking（粗略地說）, honestly speaking（老實說）, strictly speaking（嚴格地說）, theoretically speaking（從理論上說）

（四）非謂語動詞專項訓練

1．That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but________the police.

A．called in

B．calling in

C．call in

D．to call in

2．All the tasks________ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.

A．been fulfilled

B．were fulfilled

C．having been fulfilled

D．had been fulfilled

3．________as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.

A．Being published

B．Published

C．Publishing

D．To be published

4．________the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus could fall off the edge of the earth.

A．Having believed

B．Believing

C．Believed

D．Being believed

5．The traditional approach________with complex problems is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.

A．to dealing

B．in dealing

C．dealing

D．to deal

6．The ancient Egyptians are supposed________rockets to the moon.

A．to send

B．to be sending

C．to have sent

D．to have been sending

7．The man in the corner confessed to________a lie to the manager of the company.

A．have told

B．be told

C．being told

D．having told

8．They are going to have the serviceman________an electric fan in the office tomorrow.

A．install

B．to install

C．to be installed

D．installed

9．Ann never dreams of________for her to be sent abroad very soon.

A．there being a chance

B．there to be a chance

C．there be a chance

D．being a chance

10．After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute________.

A．being settled

B．to be settled

C．had settled

D．as settled

11．________in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.

A．The girl was educated

B．The girl educated

C．The girl's being educated

D．The girl to be educated

12．His remarks left me________about his purpose.

A．wondered

B．wondering

C．to wonder

D．wonder

13．The house was very quiet,________as it was on the side of a mountain.

A．isolated

B．isolating

C．being isolated

D．having been isolated

14．The project________by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.

A．accomplished

B．to be accomplished

C．being accomplished

D．having been accomplished

15．I don't mind________the decision as long as it is not too late.

A．you to delay making

B．your delaying making

C．your delaying to make

D．you delay to make

16．________in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.

A．To look at

B．Looking at

C．Looked at

D．To be looked at

17．You will see this product________wherever you go.

A．advertised

B．to be advertised

C．advertise

D．advertising

18．Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested________t the next town.

A．to stop

B．stopping

C．stop

D．having stopped

19．Sometimes children have trouble________fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist.

A．to separate

B．separating

C．for separating

D．of separating

20．________their work will give us a much better feel for the wide differences between the two schools of thought.

A．To have reviewed

B．Having reviewed

C．Reviewing

D．Being reviewed

21．Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely________to the outside world.

A．having been lost

B．to be lost

C．losing

D．lost

22．Other considerations________equal, the pressure remains constant.

A．being

B．be

C．will be

D．is

23．All we can do to help “Big Jim” is to try________that he ought to work more.

A．making him to realize

B．making him realizing

C．to make him to realize

D．to make him realize

24．________about the robbery, the policemen rushed out in their cars to catch the robbers.

A．Having been informed

B．Having informed

C．Informing

D．Be informed

25．Such________the case, there are no grounds to justify your complaints.

A．is

B．being

C．was

D．would be

26．________, we decided to leave at once, as we didn't want to risk missing the last bus.

A．It have pretty late

B．It being pretty late

C．As it being pretty late

D．It was being pretty late

27．To my great surprise the food was still on the table,________.

A．untouching

B．no touch

C．untouched

D．not to be touched

28．The retired president was very angry________even by the cooks.

A．to be ignored

B．to have been ignored

C．to have ignored

D．to having been ignored

29．“I can't see the blackboard very well.”“Perhaps you need________.”

A．to have your eyes examined

B．to have examined your eyes

C．to examine your eyes

D．to be examined your eyes

30．Our modern civilization must not be thought of as________in a short period of time.

A．being created

B．to have been created

C．having been created

D．to be created

31．There seemed little hope that the explorer,________in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.

A．to be deserted

B．having deserted

C．to have been deserted

D．having been deserted

32．The local health organization is reported________twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audon became its first president.

A．to be set up

B．being set up

C．to have been set up

D．having been set up

33．I appreciated________the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.（94-y）

A．having been given

B．having given

C．to have been given

D．to have given

34．It isn't cold enough for there________a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim's car out quite safely.

A．would be

B．being

C．was

D．to be

35．The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each________one major point in contrast with the other.

A．makes

B．made

C．is to make

D．making

36．Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always with other elements, most commonly________with oxygen.

A．combined

B．having combined

C．combine

D．being combined

37．Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone________to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.

A．adding

B．to have added

C．to add

D．added

38．The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly________.

A．noticed

B．to be noticed

C．being noticed

D．to notice

39．I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time________the last bus.

A．to have caught

B．to catch

C．catching

D．having caught

40．Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery________just around the corner was untrue.

A．would be

B．to be

C．was

D．being

41．Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door,________to find it locked.

A．just

B．only

C．hence

D．thus

42．Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though________out of the office.

A．went

B．gone

C．to go

D．would go

43．Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce, let alone________one.

A．getting

B．to get

C．gotten

D．get

44．Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port________half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.

A．to announce

B．announced

C．announcing

D．was announced

45．Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it________in Cuba.

A．being cultivated

B．been cultivated

C．having cultivated

D．cultivating

非謂語動詞專項訓練答案及詳解：

1．該題涉及的句子結構是：but（except, rather than）+動詞不定式。當but前有動詞do時，不定式的to可省略。故D項正確。題意：事情太嚴重，我不得不叫警察。

2．題干逗號后面是一個完整的句子，所以逗號前面應為一個短語或獨立結構，這樣就排除了A、B兩項。又因為“完成任務”發生在“決定休假”之前，所以應選C．having been fulfilled。這樣句子的前一部分是一個獨立主格結構，All the tasks為后面分詞的邏輯主語。題意：所有的任務都已提前完成，他們決定休假一周。

3．在as引導的讓步從句中，應用倒裝結構，B項符合要求。C項語態不對，A項和D項時態不對，均應排除。題意：盡管在這樣的時間出版，他的作品還是吸引了廣泛的關注。

4．根據句子的主語判斷，可首先排除兩個被動式的選項C和D。又因fear和believe兩個動作是同時發生的，A項也被排除。B正確。題意：因為相信地球是平的，許多人擔心哥倫布會從地球的邊緣掉下去。

5．根據approach+to+動名詞的用法，應選擇A項。題意：處理復雜問題的傳統方式是將它們分解成許多比較容易解決的小問題。

6．句中不定式動詞send的動作明顯發生在謂語動詞suppose之前，因此要用不定式的完成式。題意：據推測，古埃及人曾向月球發射過火箭。

7．空格前的to為介詞，因此可排除A、B兩項，空格后帶有賓語a lie，所以不能用tell的被動式。D項正確。題意：角落里的那個人承認自己對公司經理撒了謊。

8．本題測試have sb. do sth．結構，意為“讓（叫，請）某人做某事”，所以選A項。題意：他們準備讓修理工明天在辦公室裝一臺電扇。

9．句中dream of的of為介詞，所以there is a chance應使用動名詞結構，故A項正確。題意：安做夢都沒想到不久會有機會出國。

10．本題測試動詞regard的用法。regard作及物動詞，意為“把……看作，把……視為”，可用于兩個結構：（1）regard sth. to be done,（2）regard sth. as done。這樣，似乎B、D兩項都符合結構要求。但根據題意，用第一種結構時，要用不定式的完成式to have been settled，而不能用B項的一般形式to be settled。所以B項可排除，D．as settled正確。題意：經過幾輪談判之后，雙方都認為領土爭端已經解決。

11．從成分判斷，空格處應充當句子的主語。所以C項分詞短語可作主語。這是動名詞被動形式作主語，the girl作邏輯主語。題意：在這樣簡樸的生活環境里接受教育正是那個女孩的父母所期望的。

12．句中謂語動詞leave后常用接現在分詞的復合結構。leave sb. doing sth.“使某人做某事”。正確答案為B。題意：他的話使我懷疑他的真實目的。

13．題中逗號后的句子為倒裝句，表語前置，表強調，應選A．isolated。題意：那棟房子孤零零地建在山坡上，所以它非常安靜。

14．句中by the end of 2000表示將來時間，故選B．to be accomplished，整個短語相當于一個非限定性定語從句：which is to be accomplished by the end of 2000。題意：將于2000年年底完成的那項工程，會使這個城市電話網增容到100萬用戶。

15．本題涉及動詞“mind”和“delay”的用法。mind和delay后面，只能接動名詞或名詞，因此，只有B項正確。題意：只要不是太晚，我不介意你推遲作出決定。

16．句中邏輯主語situation和look at之間是動賓關系，所以要用過去分詞，表被動，C正確。D表示將來，不符合題意。題意：這樣看來，形勢似乎并不那么令人失望。

17．空格處所填詞為product的賓語補足語，它和產品之間應為動賓關系，所以選A, B表將來，不符合題意。題意：無論你走到哪里，都會看到這個產品的廣告。

18．句中動詞suggest作“建議”解可用于3個句型：（1）后接動名詞；（2）后面接名詞；（3）后接賓語從句（需用虛擬語氣），由此可見4個選項中，B正確。題意：彼得開了一整天的車，他建議到下一個小鎮停下來。

19．本題考查have trouble/difficulty doing something，這是一固定結構，意思是“做……有困難”。故應選B項。題意：有時候，孩子們很難區別事實與幻想，所以可能會相信這類事情真的存在。

20．從結構上看，句子缺少主語，從句子的將來時態上看可以排除答案A、B兩項，從語態上看可以排除D項，此處為動名詞作主語，C項正確。題意：回顧一下他們的作品將會讓我們更好地體會到兩個思想流派之間的巨大區別。

21．本句非謂語動詞短語表示主句的伴隨狀態，過去分詞lost表示主語所處的狀態，相當于形容詞，故D項正確。本句不存在動作先后關系，故A項不對；B項表將來；C項表句子主語動作的進行，也不符合題意。題意：安娜正在讀一本科幻小說，完全忘記了外面的世界。

22．逗號后為一完整句子，所以空格處只能填入非謂語動詞形式，A為正確答案，構成獨立主格分詞結構，作條件狀語。題意：在其他條件相同的情況下，壓力保持不變。

23．動詞try之后既可以接動詞不定式，意為“試圖”、“努力”，也可以接動名詞，表示“試驗”、“試用”。根據題意，try之后應接動詞不定式，這樣，A、B項可以排除，C項中make后的賓語補語用錯了。D為正確答案。題意：我所能幫Big Jim做的是盡量讓他意識到他應該做更多的工作。

24．本題除了選項D（祈使句形式）外，其余各選項均為分詞形式。根據句子結構，應選分詞形式作狀語，分詞的動作發生在主句動詞rush out之前，policemen和inform之間是動賓關系，所以應選A。題意：警察得知搶劫案后迅速出動，駕車去抓捕搶劫犯。

25．逗號后是一完整的句子，所以空格處只能填入非謂語動詞形式，四個選項中只有B項是分詞，為正確答案。題意：既然如此，為你的抱怨辯解的任何理由都不能成立。

26．根據句子結構，空格處應填入分詞獨立主格結構。A、D兩項都有謂語動詞，C項有as開頭，也不合適。故B為正確答案。題意：由于天色已晚，我們決定立即啟程，因為我們不想冒險錯過最后一班公共汽車。

27．本句測試分詞短語作狀語，表伴隨狀態，food和touch之間邏輯上為動賓關系，應用過去分詞表被動。C正確。題意：使我大吃一驚的是，食品仍然放在桌上，沒人碰過。

28．由于句子主語和ignore之間是動賓關系，應用被動語態；其次，由于主句謂語為過去時，不定式的動作先于主句謂語發生，應該用完成時。B為正確答案。題意：甚至連廚師都不理他，那個已退休的董事長非常生氣。

29．本句考查使役結構have/get sth. done，應選A。題意：“我看不清楚黑板。”“你可能需要去查一下視力了。”

30．本題B和D為不定式，不能放在介詞as的后面；根據題意，應用完成時態。故C為正確答案。題意：不要把我們的現代文明看作是短期形成的。

31．根據題意和句子結構，空格處應填入分詞短語作狀語表示原因，explorer和desert之間是動賓關系，應用被動形式，正確答案為D。題意：探險者被拋在了熱帶森林，似乎沒有希望找到出去的路了。

32．本句中動詞report用法特殊。在主動結構中，其賓語必須用動名詞；在被動結構中，其后必須用不定式作主語補語。根據句中時間，set up應發生在report前，應用完成時。故選C。題意：據報道，這個地方衛生組織23年前就成立了，那時，Audon博士就成了它的首任主席。

33．本題appreciate后只能接名詞或動名詞，同時根據題意，主語和動詞之間應為動賓關系，所以用give的被動形式。答案為A。題意：我很感激兩年前給我出國進修的機會。

34．本題測試there be的不定式結構。be+形容詞+enough后接不定式，表示結果。there be的不定式形式為there to be，因此，選D。不定式形式there to be可以在句子中作主語、賓語、狀語等。there being是there be的分詞形式或動名詞形式。一般情況下，there being作分詞時主要用作原因狀語或條件狀語，作動名詞主要作主語、賓語或介詞賓語。故答案為D。題意：今夜不會冷到上凍的程度，所以我可以放心地把吉姆的車停在外面。

35．根據句子結構，空格處只能填入動詞的非謂語形式。正確答案為D。題意：該文開頭和結尾描述了兩則新聞報道，每則都各有一與另一則相對立的論點。

36．本句owing to為介詞，后面只能接名詞或動名詞結構，而always一詞說明句子描述的是一般性的狀況，不必用完成時態。此外，根據句意，應該用被動形式。故正確答案為D。題意：自然界中的任何地方都找不到游離態的鋁，因為它總是與其他元素，最常見的是氧元素，結合在一起。

37．本題測試“with+名詞/代詞+分詞”結構，而each new phone與add之間為動賓關系，須用過去分詞表被動。正確答案為D。題意：正如同電話網絡的價值隨著每一部電話進入系統而提高一樣，電腦系統的價值也隨著每一個軟件程序的開發而提高。

38．本題測試so as to引導不定式作結果狀語。so as（not）to do=in order（not）to do，不定式作目的狀語；so...as to do sth．或so...as not to do sth．不定式作結果狀語。這里hardly代替了not，而且notice與邏輯主語differences之間是動賓關系，應該用不定式的被動形式。正確答案為B。題意：英國英語和美國英語之間詞匯和語法的區別微乎其微，而且寥寥無幾，以致人們幾乎注意不到。

39．本題考查不定式和分詞作名詞后置定語的區別：不定式一般表目的，表示要去做的事情，現在分詞表示正在做的事情。根據題意，應選B。比較：hardly have time to do sth．幾乎沒有時間去干某事；have a hard time doing sth．做某事有困難。題意：昨日我在辦公室工作到很晚，差一點沒趕上末班車。

40．本題中that引導的名詞從句已有謂語was untrue，故A、C應排除。所填部分應為帶邏輯主語的動名詞，應選D。帶邏輯主語的動詞不定式短語結構為for sb. to do sth.，故B不對。題意：任何人只要稍加留意失業數字便知，關于經濟復蘇即將來臨的斷言是不真實的。

41．本題考查“only+不定式”作結果狀語，答案為B。題意：我焦慮不安，沖向公寓想打開門，卻發現門鎖著。

42．在as if/as though引導的從句中，可以省略主語和部分謂語，本句省略了she were，故答案為C。題意：克里斯蒂怒氣沖沖地等著老板，轉過臉去，像是要走出辦公室。

43．句中的let alone后可接不同結構，但其前后結構應保持一致，故答案為C。題意：幾年前，不計其數的離異政客們要是有離婚這個念頭，就會在競選中失敗，更不用說真正離婚了。

44．本題考查with...獨立主格結構。announce和the British recapture of the port之間是動賓關系，應用過去分詞表被動，故正確答案為B。題意：好消息有時會過早地發布，如英國奪回這個港口的消息在抵抗者實際上還沒投降的半天之前就宣布了。

45．本題考查非謂語動詞作賓語補足語。動詞cultivate是及物動詞，在句中用于it后面作動詞found的賓語補足語，it和cultivate之間是動賓關系，應用過去分詞表被動，故正確答案為A。題意：玉米原產于新大陸，直到哥倫布在古巴發現玉米后才傳到歐洲。