第五節 英語四大特殊結構——英語學習特色部分

英語中四種特殊的句型結構主要指比較結構、倒裝結構、強調結構和平行結構，也是專業碩士聯考中常考和常用的句型，所以考生應掌握其意義和用法。

一、比較結構

英語中比較結構使用于形容詞和副詞，因為只有形容詞和副詞具有原級、比較級和最高級。考試中主要測試比較結構和特殊用法。

比較結構具體考點如下。

考點一：原級比較一般用as...as; not as...as; the same...as。

特殊結構：A is to B what/as X is Y; A+倍數或幾分之幾as+adj．/adv．+as+B．

The work is not as difficult as you think.

Air is to us as water is to fish．我們與空氣的關系就像魚和水的關系。

This book is twice as thick as that one.

考點二：比較級常用結構A+比較級+than+B

特殊結構：the more...the more（越……越……）; more and more（越來越）

This question is less difficult than that question.（比較對象為彼此獨立的人或事物）

Iron is more useful than any other metal.（比較對象具有所屬關系，含有最高級含義）

The city is becoming more and more beautiful.

考點三：以拉丁文-ior結尾的含有比較意義的形容詞后接to而不是than。這些詞是：

superior, inferior, senior, junior, major, minor, anterior, prior（在……之前），

posterior（在……之后）

He is three years senior to me.

This type of computer is superior to that type.

考點四：最高級用于三者以上的事物之間的比較，所以比較的范圍自然是少不了。一般表示地方用介詞in；表示所屬關系和人物比較或類別比較時，用介詞of（即the+最高級+in/of...）。

The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but it is the third longest river in the world.

The youngest member of the family is most successful.

Of all forms of energy, electricity is most widely used.

考點五：在more...than結構中，than有時可看作關系代詞，相當于than what...

There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today.（than=than what...）人們不應該像今天這樣擔心害怕患上癌癥。

There are more wonders in heaven and earth than are dreamt of.（than=than what...）天地間的奇跡比人們所夢想的要多得多。

考點六：英語中有一小部分表示絕對意義的形容詞沒有比較級和最高級。如：

dead, deaf, empty, total, whole, perfect, complete, right, wrong, equal, daily false, final absolute, alone, round, pregnant, square, supreme, unique, straight, eternal, unanimous

考點七：幾組由“more than; more...than”和“no/not+比較級”等構成的慣用句式及其含義。

more than其含義為“不僅是，非常，十分”等，用法和意義較多

more...than其含義可以是“與其說……不如說，不是……而是”

What we are doing today is more than donating some money.

今天我們所做的不只是捐一些錢。

Their action was more than justified．他們的行動是完全有理由的。

He is more brave than wise．他有勇無謀。

The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammer book.

這本書看起來與其說是一本語法書，不如說是一本詞典。

no more than強調少，意為“只有，不過，僅僅”

not more than客觀敘述，意為“不超過”

He has no more than five dollars on him.

他身上僅有5美元。（強調少）

He has not more than five dollars on him.

他身上帶的錢不超過5美元。（強調數額少于5美元）

no more...than含有消極否定的意思，可譯為“A與B都不……，不……也不”

not more...than含有積極、肯定的意思，表示程度上的差異。

He is no more diligent than you.

他不勤奮，你也不勤奮。（兩人都不勤奮）

He is not more diligent than you.

他并不比你更勤奮。（兩人都勤奮，但你更勤奮）

no less than=as much as意為“竟有……之多，多達”強調多

not less than意為“不少于，至少”，客觀地描述

no less...than前后均為肯定，含有驚奇的感情色彩。可譯為“是……是，正是，和……一樣，多達，應有……之多”

His son has read no less than 50 English books.

他的兒子竟然讀了50多本英文書。（強調多）

His son has read not less than 50 English books.

他的兒子讀了不少于50本英文書。（不強調多或少）

The middle-aged man was no less a person than the new minister.

這位中年人正是新來的部長。

Her voice is no less sweet than it used to be.

她的歌聲和以前一樣甜美。

考點八：常見的各種比較結構的表達法

1．倍數+N+of，其中N表示比較的方面，如：weight, size, age....

This room is three times the size of that one.

2．倍數+ that/those of=as much as...

His weight is three times that of mine.

3．倍數+as+adj．+as

This room is three times as large as that one.（三倍大）

4．倍數+more than

This room is three times larger than that one.（大兩倍）

比較結構專項訓練

1．As I was just getting familiar with this job, I had________to ask my boss.

A．many

B．most

C．more

D．much

2．The ability to store knowledge makes computers different from every other machine________invented.

A．ever

B．thus

C．yet

D．as

3．Apart from caring for her children, she has to take on such heavy________housework as carrying water.

A．time-consumed

B．timely-consumed

C．time-consuming

D．timely-consuming

4．The little man was________one meter fifty high.

A．almost more than

B．hardly more than

C．nearly more than

D．as much as

5．If tap water were as dangerous as some people think,________would be getting sick.

A．a lot of more us

B．more a lot of us

C．a lot of us more

D．a lot more of us

6．Americans eat________as they actually need every day.

A．twice as much protein

B．twice protein as much twice

C．twice protein as much

D．protein as twice much

7．There are few electronic applications________to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots.

A．likely

B．more likely

C．most likely

D．much likely

8．The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness________by his lack of talent.

A．than

B．more than

C．as

D．so much as

9．In no country________Britain, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.

A．better than

B．more than

C．other than

D．rather than

10．The boy spent as much time watching TV as he________studying.

A．does

B．had

C．was

D．did

11．Generally speaking, people should have________as their desires will allow.

A．much education as

B．as much education

C．as less education

D．little education

12．Students at colleges in large cities ran into________debts because it was easier for them to find part-time jobs than those in rural areas.

A．few

B．fewer

C．little

D．less

13．The risk the financial commission is taking is________.

A．greater than the bank

B．as greater as the bank

C．greater than the bank's

D．as greater than the bank's

14．There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than________in the public mind today.

A．exists

B．exist

C．existing

D．existed

15．After having gone________far, George did not want to turn back.

A．enough

B．much

C．such

D．that

16．There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take,________they can limit how much water you drink.

A．much more than

B．no more than

C．no less than

D．any more than

17．The heart is________intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.

A．not so

B．not much

C．much more

D．no more

18．Scientists generally agree that the Earth's climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years________it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.

A．as long as

B．as much as

C．as soon as

D．as well as

19．We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style________in a personal one.

A．rather than

B．other than

C．better than

D．less than

20．Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often________or better than an actual performance.

A．as good as

B．as good

C．good

D．good as

21．Andrew, my father's younger brother, will not be at the picnic,________to the family's disappointment.

A．much

B．more

C．too much

D．much more

22．The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates________a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.

A．and

B．as

C．but

D．or

23．Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills________people each year than automobile accidents.

A．seven more times

B．seven times more

C．over seven times

D．seven times

24．The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don't have small children and get along________to spend most of their time together.

A．so well

B．too well

C．well as

D．well enough

25．The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is________an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.

A．everything except

B．anything but

C．no less than

D．nothing more than

比較結構專項訓練答案及詳解：

1．空格處應為動詞had的賓語，A、B兩項不能充當賓語；由于句子無比較含義，故C項亦應排除。只有D項正確。題意：由于我剛剛熟悉這份工作，還有許多事情要請教老板。

2．A項ever表示“從前有過”，符合句意。題意：計算機具有儲存知識的能力，使得它區別于從前發明的任何機器。

3．time-consuming是一個復合形容詞，為“名詞+現在分詞”，意為“耗時的”。題意：除了照顧孩子，她還得承擔挑水等很費時間的家務活。

4．本題考查程度副詞和比較級的用法。從否定的角度表示小個子的身高。B項hardly more than與little man意義相符，為正確答案。題意：這小個子男人身高不到1.5米。

5．a lot通常置于它所修飾的詞之前表示程度。句中more由a lot修飾，故D為正確答案。題意：如果自來水像某些人想象的那么危險，我們當中會有更多的人得病。

6．表示倍數的詞修飾as much...as這類同級比較的結構時，應放在as much...as之前，所以A項正確。題意：美國人每天攝入的蛋白質是其實際需要量的兩倍。

7．因為句中的than，涉及few electronic applications與robots之間的比較，所以應該用比較級，四個選項中唯有B項是比較級。題意：和機器人相比，幾乎沒有其他電子設備更能引起人們對未來就業機會的憂慮。

8．根據句子結構，首先可以排除A、C兩項，因為它們構不成比較級的正確形式。根據題意，作者想強調的是his lack of talent（缺乏才能），而且句中已有否定詞not，因此應選D, not...so much A as B意為“與其說A不如說B”，此結構強調后者。題意：這個號手演奏的聲音無疑太吵，但我更不能容忍的是他演奏水平的低下。

9．四個選項的意義分別是：A．better than不是固定詞組；B．more than極其，非常；C．other than除了，與except意義相當；D．rather than而不。根據題意應選C。題意：據說，除了英國沒有哪個國家的人能在一天內經歷4個季節。

10．本題是一個比較句型，在比較狀語從句中的可用助動詞代替與主語相同的動詞，以避免重復。故可用did代替spent。所以D項是正確答案。題意：這個男孩花在看電視上的時間和花在學習上的時間一樣多。

11．本題考查as...as連接的同級比較結構。A詞序錯誤；C中less是形容詞比較級，其后應接than而不能與as同時連用；正確答案為B。題意：一般來說，人們應該按照他們自己的愿望接受盡可能多的教育。

12．根據句中的than可以確定空格處應填入比較級。C、D兩項只能用來修飾不可數名詞，應首先排除；A項（few）為形容詞原級；B項（fewer）為正確答案。題意：大城市里就讀的大學生負債較少，因為他們比鄉村地區就讀的大學生更容易找到兼職工作。

13．根據題意，句中比較對象是“the risk the financial commission is taking”和“the bank's（risk）”，后者risk省略。故正確答案為C。題意：財政委員會冒的風險要比銀行冒的風險大。

14．本題測試than后定語從句的用法。than在此句中為連詞，因此，than前后的句子結構應該一致。整個句子應為There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than there exists anxiety in the public today．但是，當從句中出現與主句相同的內容時，則相同部分往往省略。故正確答案為A。題意：人們不應該像今天這樣擔心，害怕患上癌癥。

15．本題空格處應填入far的修飾語。通常可說far enough，但不說enough far; much通常不修飾far; such不能修飾形容詞或副詞；that在這里是副詞，等于so，為正確答案D。題意：走了那么遠后，喬治不想回去了。

16．句中四個選項的意思分別為：A．比……多得多；B．和……一樣不，僅僅；C．多達；D．用于not/no...any more than。根據前一句中已有否定詞no，可以確定D為正確答案。題意：正如他們無權限制人們喝多少水一樣，他們也沒有理由限制人們攝入多少維生素。

17．此題測試比較句型的用法。根據than可以判斷，形容詞intelligent要用比較級。C項結構正確，但不符合題意；no more...than“同……一樣不”, no more后可用名詞、形容詞。故正確答案為D。題意：心臟和胃一樣都無智力可言，因為它們都受大腦的控制。

18．本題四個選項的意思分別為：A．只要；B．和……一樣，表示程度；C．一……就；D．和……一樣好，和，除了。根據題意，應選B。題意：科學家們普遍同意，在今后的50年到100年里，地球的氣候將會變暖，其程度與冰河時期以來的20000年中變暖的程度相同。

19．本題四個選項的意思分別為：A．而不是，寧愿；rather than一般由三種含義，1．單純表示否定，相當于and not，它可以連接任何相同的結構；2．表示兩種說法的正確程度，一般譯為“與其說，不如說”;3．表示主觀愿望，既可連用，也可分開。B．除……之外；C．比……好；D．比……少。根據題意，應選A。題意：我們學過書寫商業信件要用正式文體，而不用私人信件的寫法。

20．句中as good as和better than并列，as...as是同等比較結構。故正確答案為A。題意：你喜歡聽唱片嗎？我發現聽唱片常常跟實際演出一樣好，甚至還好于實際演出。

21．根據句子結構，空格處應填入介詞短語to the family's disappointment的修飾語，只能用程度副詞much。故正確答案為A。題意：令大家大為失望的是，我父親的弟弟安德魯將不參加野餐。

22．本題考查固定搭配not so much...as...與其說是……，不如說是……。故正確答案為B。題意：人口增長的主要原因與其說是出生率的上升，還不如說是由于醫療保健的改善而使死亡率下降。

23．根據句中的than可以確定空格處應填入比較級。A．還有七次；B．高七倍。故正確答案為B。題意：吸煙對個人健康危害嚴重，每年吸煙造成的死亡人數比機動車事故的死亡人數多七倍。

24．句中涉及以下幾種結構：so+adj．/adv．as to do太……以至于……; too+adj．/adv．to do太……以至于……; adj．/adv．enough to do足以……。下列兩種情況是對的：...get along so well as to..., ...get along enough to...。A．缺少as; B．含義相反；C．前面缺少so; D為正確答案。題意：這種解決辦法只適用于自謀職業、沒有太小的孩子，且大部分時間能在一起和睦相處的夫婦。

25．本題四個選項的意思分別為：A．除……以外的所有東西；B．除……以外的任何東西，并不，決不；C．同……一樣多；D．只不過是。根據題意，應選D。題意：有個別電視觀眾始終認為，這些人只不過是龐雜的電視觀眾中使用匿名、毫無統計意義的一部分。

二、倒裝結構

倒裝結構也是英語考試中的常考語法現象，該結構分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝。所謂全部倒裝是指整個謂語部分放在主語前面；而部分倒裝是指謂語的一部分（情態動詞或助動詞）放在主語之前。

考點一：表示地點、方向和時間的副詞或者介詞放在句首時，句子要全部倒裝。這些詞有：here, there, up, down, out, away, now, then。

There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat．突然出現一陣風將他的帽子吹走了。

In each room are ten students．每個房間里有十個學生。

考點二：當含有否定意義的詞或短語放在句首時，要用部分倒裝。這類詞包括：not, never, neither, seldom, little, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, no longer, not until, at no time, by no means, on no account, in no case, under no circumstances, on no account, not only...but also...。

Nowhere in the world can you find a man who loves you so much.

Not until he came back did I leave.（注意：只能是主句的主謂倒裝）

On no account will the manager tolerate rudeness from his employees.

無論怎樣，經理絕不會容忍員工們的粗魯行為。

考點三：as+adj．/adv．以及“to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point.”放在句首，表示程度，句子要倒裝。

To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire.

他的身體每況愈下，以至于有人強迫他退休。

So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.

他工作太認真了，以至于常常忘了吃飯和睡覺。

考點四：虛擬語氣中，省去if后，從句需要倒裝。

Had he not been promoted, he never have remained with the company.

（=If he had not been promoted,...）要不是得到晉升，他絕不會留在公司里。

Should you change your mind, no one would blame you．要是你改變主意，就不會有人責備你。

Were he to leave today, he would get there by Monday.

Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have done such a thing.

本來為If I had known what...要是我知道是怎么一回事，我也就不會作出這樣的事了。

考點五：“only+狀語”放在句首時，句子需要倒裝。

Only by working hard can you achieve your goal．只有努力工作才能實現你的目標。

Only in this way can we solve this problem successfully and effectively.

考點六：由as或though引導的讓步狀語從句有時也用倒裝句，即把表語或部分謂語提前。

Patient though/as he was, he was unwilling to wait three hours.

他雖有耐心，但也不愿意等三個小時。

Child as/though he was, he had a good command of English.

他雖然是個孩子，但已經熟知英語。

Try as he might, he couldn't open the box．不管他想什么辦法，都沒法打開那個箱子。

The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

考點七：由be引起的倒裝句表示讓步，并帶有虛擬語氣的結構特點，即be用原形。

（be it selling...=whether in may be selling...）

每天的生意，無論是售貨還是運貨，都進行得很順利。

Be it so humble, there is no place like home.

（be it so humble=However humble it may be, ...）

金窩銀窩，不如自己的草窩。

三、強調結構

英語中表示強調的結構是“It is（was）+被強調的部分+that（who）+句子的其他部分”，除了謂語部分外，其余的可以用于強調句。需要注意的是當強調的部分是時間狀語或地點狀語時，只能用that而不用when或where；當被強調的部分是人時，可以用who；當強調主語時要注意主語和謂語的一致。

It is my uncle that/who is coming to visit us．即將拜訪我們的就是我的叔叔。

It was at midnight that he came back home.

It was in the park that the two old friends ran into each other．他們兩個老朋友就是在公園里碰到的。

It's not you who are in trouble; but it's I who am in trouble.

It was not until the accident happened that I became aware of my own foolishness.

直到事故發生了我才意識到自己的愚蠢。

倒裝、強調結構專項訓練

1．Only under special circumstances________to take make-up tests.

A．are freshmen permitted

B．freshmen are permitted

C．permitted are freshmen

D．are permitted freshmen

2．We have been told that under no circumstances the________telephone in the office for personal affairs.

A．did we use

B．may we use

C．we could use

D．we may use

3．Not until the game had begun________at the sports ground.

A．had he arrived

B．would he have arrived

C．did he arrive

D．should he have arrived

4．________, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.

A．Although much he likes her

B．Much although he likes her

C．As he likes her much

D．Much as he likes her

5．The organization had broken no rules, but________had it acted responsibly.

A．neither

B．so

C．either

D．both

6．We do not even know his name;________about his character.

A．less we know

B．less know we

C．less do we know

D．less we do know

7．________to speak when the audience interrupted him.

A．Hardly had he begun

B．No sooner had he begun

C．Not until he began

D．Scarcely did he begin

8．So involved with their computers________that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

A．became the children

B．become the children

C．had the children become

D．do the children become

9．It was the training that he had as a young man________made him such a good engineer.

A．has

B．later

C．which

D．that

10．The truth is that it is only by studying history________we can learn what to expect in the future.

A．which

B．and then

C．that

D．by which

倒裝、強調結構專項訓練答案及詳解：

1．“only+狀語”放在句首時，句子需要倒裝。句中Only+ under special circumstances位于句首，須用倒裝語序，A項正確。題意：只有在特殊情況下，大一學生才允許補考。

2．本句中的under no circumstances位于賓語從句的句首，空格處應用部分倒裝的形式，故可排除C、D兩項。同時，主句與從句應在時態上保持一致，應選B。題意：有人告訴我們，無論什么情況，都不可用辦公室的電話談私事。

3．本題因not until在句首用倒裝語序。因為從句的動作發生在主句的動作之前，所以從句用了過去完成時，主句要用過去時，C為正確答案。題意：直到比賽開始，他才到達運動場。

4．本題考查讓步狀語從句。以although, though引導的讓步從句為了強調通常用倒裝語序，其形式為“形容詞/副詞+as+主語……”。故正確答案為D。題意：盡管他非常喜歡她，但有時對她也很惱火。

5．本題中后一個分句為倒裝句，因此首先可排除C和D。前一個分句中有否定詞no，所以應選A。題意：該機構并未違規，但也沒有很負責任地操作。

6．本題四個選項都以less開頭，因此需用倒裝，所以首先可以排除A和D; B把動詞直接放在主語前面為錯誤結構，應加上助動詞，并放在主語前面。故C為正確答案。題意：我們甚至連他的名字都不知道，更別說他的性格了。

7．本題涉及固定搭配：hardly/scarcely...when..., no sooner...than...，在這兩個結構中，主句的時態通常為過去完成時，從句的時態為一般過去時。故正確答案為A。題意：他剛一開始講話，聽眾就把他打斷了。

8．本句包括一個so...that...結構，so在句首時，要用倒裝句。C時態不對。正確答案為D。題意：計算機夏令營的孩子們如此埋頭在計算機中，以至于負責人不得不經常強迫他們停下來活動活動，做做游戲。

9．本題考查強調句型“it is/was...that...”。句子強調的部分是the training that he had as a young man，后面填入that。題意：正是他年輕時所受的訓練使他成為一位如此出色的工程師。

10．本題考查強調句型“it is/was...that”。被強調的部分是狀語“by studying history”, C為正確答案。題意：事實上，我們只有通過研究歷史，才能學會預見未來。

四、平行結構及其他

考點一：平行結構。平行結構是專業碩士聯考中必考的語法點。其基本要求有兩點：一是平行結構的搭配必須正確；二是平行結構前后連接部分必須一致，不能一會兒是不定式，一會兒是動名詞。平行結構概括如下：

e. g. I value a friend who is sweet, kind, and loving.

To know what is good and to do what is right is not the same thing.

知道什么是好的與做正確的事是兩碼事。

He is well-known not only in China but also in many other countries.

他無論是在中國還是在其他國家都聲名顯赫。

It is easier to spend money than to make money.

考點二：情態動詞+完成式表示對過去的推測。注意肯定和否定的不同含義。

The money has disappeared. Who could have taken it？錢沒了，會是誰拿了？

You screamed in your sleep last night. You must have had a terrible dream.

你昨天晚上睡覺大喊大叫，你一定是在做噩夢。

You should have phoned me last night.

你昨晚應該給我打個電話。（實際沒有打，含有責備之意）

She shouldn't have eaten those mushrooms yesterday. Mushrooms don't agree with you.

她昨天本來不應該吃那些蘑菇，她不能吃蘑菇。

The restaurant was nearly empty. We needn't have booked a table.

平行結構及其他部分專項訓練

1．Fifty years ago, wealthy people liked hunting wild animals for fun________sightseeing.

A．rather than to go

B．other than going

C．more than going

D．than to go

2．The project requires more labor than________because it is extremely difficult.

A．has been put in

B．have been put in

C．being put in

D．to be put in

3．These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than________in traditional media.

A．exist

B．exists

C．existing

D．to exist

4．You________her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.

A．needn't have seen

B．must have seen

C．might have seen

D．can't have seen

5．It is better to die on one's feet than________.

A．living on one's knees

B．live on one's knees

C．on one's knees

D．to live on one's knees

6．Carey didn't go to the party last night because she________the baby for her sister until 9:30.

A．must have looked after

B．would have to look after

C．had to look after

D．should have looked after

7．My pain________apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”

A．must be

B．had been

C．must have been

D．had to be

8．As it turned out to be a small house party, we________so formally.

A．needn't dress up

B．did not need have dressed up

C．did not need dress up

D．needn't have dressed up

9．Dress warmly,________you'll catch cold.

A．on the contrary

B．or rather

C．or else

D．in no way

10．It is often more difficult to find trained men than________for a research project.

A．get financial support

B．to get financial support

C．getting financial support

D．to getting financial support

11．Tom and Jack have arrived, but________in the class aren't here yet.

A．other

B．others

C．the others

D．the other

12．Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to________it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.

A．as

B．which

C．that

D．what

13．Talk to anyone in the drug industry,________you'll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.

A．or

B．and

C．for

D．so

14．It is reported that________adopted children want to know who their natural parents are.

A．the most

B．most of

C．most

D．the most of

15．Radio, television and press________of conveying news and information.

A．are the most three common means

B．are the most common three means

C．are the three most common means

D．are three the most common means

平行結構及其他部分專項訓練答案及詳解：

1．句中兩個比較對象在形式上應前后一致，故應選C．more than going。題意：50年前，比起旅游觀光，有錢的人更喜歡以狩獵作為娛樂。

2．句中than后省略了the labor that，因此應選A。即：The project requires more labor than the labor that has been put in．也有人把than理解為關系代詞。題意：該項工程極其困難，因此，需要投入比已付出的還要多的勞動。

3．句中than后省略了the restrictions that，因此應選A。完整的句子應為：These proposals sought to place greater restrictions...than the restrictions that exist in traditional media．題意：這些提議的目的是為了限制數碼信息的使用和復制，其程度要超過對傳統媒體的限制。

4．本題四個選項均為情態動詞+完成時。A．needn't have done表示不必做某事，而實際上已經做了。B項和C項是對發生在過去的事情的一種判斷，只是程度不同，因為是肯定形式，也被排除。can't have done是must have done的否定形式，所以僅D符合題意。題意：上周五你不可能在辦公室看見她，她已經離城兩個星期了。

5．在平行結構中，than前后需用同樣的結構。故正確答案為D。題意：寧可站著死，絕不跪著生。

6．本句的主句是過去時態，原因狀語也應用過去時態。故正確答案為C。題意：凱麗昨晚沒有去參加舞會，因為一直到九點半之前她都得給她的姐姐看孩子。

7．根據連詞for可以確定前面的句子應表示推測。must be表示對現在的推測；must have been表示對過去的推測。根據句子的時態應選C。題意：當我走入房間的那個時候，我的疼痛想必很明顯，因為我遇到的第一個人同情地問我：“你感覺好嗎？”

8．本題考查動詞need的用法。A表示“沒有必要做某事”，但是不能用來表示已經發生的事情；B、C本身結構錯誤，need作情態動詞構成疑問句或否定句時，不用助動詞，若作行為動詞，后面應接to do；故正確答案為D。題意：原來那不過是一個小小的家庭聚會，我們本沒有必要穿戴得如此正式。

9．本題考查并列連詞的用法。A．相反地；B．確切地說；C．否則，要不然（=otherwise）; D．絕不，根本不（不起連接或轉折的作用）。根據題意，應選C。題意：穿暖和一點兒，要不你會感冒的。

10．本題中than前面的結構為不定式，后面也要接一個不定式短語，只有B正確。題意：為一個研究項目尋找訓練有素的人員往往比搞到資金更加困難。

11．本題選項A．other只能做限定詞，后面必須接名詞；B．others表示泛指，“其他的……，另外的……”;C．the others表示特指，“剩下其余的……”;D．the other表示兩個中的另一個。根據題意，C為正確答案。題意：湯姆和杰克已經到了，但班上其他人還沒到。

12．本題考查慣用句型so...that...。all but意為“幾乎，差不多”，相當于nearly, almost。答案為C。題意：人們花費太多的時間聽別人講話以及被動地與別人談話，而幾乎喪失了自己說話的欲望和說話的能力。正是在這樣的社會里，人們之間的對話越來越少。

13．本題測試連詞and的特殊用法，即：祈使句+and+陳述句（將來時），意為“那么，如此一來”，祈使句相當于條件從句。故正確答案為B。題意：與藥業人士一談，你很快就會發現遺傳學是自青霉素發現以來轟動醫藥研究的最大事件。

14．本題A項用于最高級；B項后面的名詞前必須有the, my, these等表示范圍的限定詞，如：Most of the people are aware of it; C項意為“大多數；大部分”直接修飾名詞，故答案為C。類似用法的不定代詞有：all, each, both, either, neither, one, few, many, some, any等。D項表示“大多數；大部分”時，most前面不能加the。題意：據報道，大多數被收養的孩子都想知道他們的生身父母是誰。

15．本題涉及詞序問題，首先排除D項，因為定冠詞必須在所有修飾詞的最前面，其次是數詞，由此排除A、B兩項，僅余C項。名詞前如果出現多個修飾語時，排序一般為：限定詞—觀點形容詞—描繪形容詞—大小尺寸—形狀—新舊—顏色—國籍、出處—質地材料—中心名詞。題意：廣播、電視和新聞出版是新聞和信息傳播的三種最常見的手段。