第三節(jié) 英語(yǔ)名詞語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)——英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)

一般說(shuō)來(lái)，專業(yè)碩士聯(lián)考中涉及名詞的考察主要是兩方面，一是考察大家的名詞詞匯量，包括普通名詞和商務(wù)名詞，而對(duì)名詞語(yǔ)法的考察主要是針對(duì)主謂一致概念的靈活性，即根據(jù)主語(yǔ)形式判斷謂語(yǔ)（一般意義上的主謂一致），根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)形式確定主語(yǔ)的形式，包括選擇修飾名詞的合適的限定詞以及部分名詞數(shù)的特殊的表達(dá)法。考生一般認(rèn)為，單數(shù)形式的主語(yǔ)就用單數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，而事實(shí)上，單數(shù)形式的主語(yǔ)可以采用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，復(fù)數(shù)形式的主語(yǔ)也可以擁有單數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其對(duì)應(yīng)。

專業(yè)碩士聯(lián)考中涉及名詞語(yǔ)法的主要包括以下幾個(gè)方面：（1）修飾名詞的限定詞；（2）部分名詞的數(shù)的特殊表達(dá)法；（3）主謂一致關(guān)系。

一、修飾名詞的限定詞

1．只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的限定詞，其謂語(yǔ)部分常用復(fù)數(shù)。

many, a number of, several, both, a couple of, few（fewer—fewest）

2．只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的限定詞，其謂語(yǔ)部分常用單數(shù)。

much, a great deal of, a large amount of, little（less—least）

3．既能修飾可數(shù)名詞又能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的限定詞，其謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)看具體情況而定。

a lot of, lots of, plenty of, some, most, all

e. g. All of us are going to see the game.

All of his time was spent on gambling.

Three-fourths of the people are illiterate.

4．下列不定代詞短語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)，名詞前必須有定冠詞“the”。

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于該名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。同例：plenty of..., one fourth of..., none of..., some of..., majority of..., ...percent of..., the rest of..., reminder of...., most of, all of, some of, many of, much of, ...

e. g. Most of the books are interesting.

二、名詞的數(shù)（注意少數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的特殊表達(dá)法和特殊用法）

（一）少數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的特殊表達(dá)法

1．特殊復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞：（注意其拼寫與讀音）

2．以-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-s；但是以下五個(gè)詞須加-es，如：

echo-echoes; hero-heroes; Negro-Negroes; potato-potatoes; tomato-tomatoes

3．沿用古英語(yǔ)復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞

child-children兒童；foot-feet腳；英尺；goose-geese鵝

louse-lice虱子；man-men男人；mouse-mice老鼠

ox-oxen牛；tooth-teeth牙齒；woman-women女人

4．復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式

1）在中心詞后加s

looker-on—lookers-on旁觀者；passer-by—passers-by過(guò)路人

runner-up—runners-up亞軍；comrade-in-arms—comrades-in-arms戰(zhàn)友

editor-in-chief—editors-in-chief總編輯；mother-in-law—mothers-in-law岳母；婆母

2）在最后一個(gè)詞后加s

film-goer—film-goers愛(ài)看電影的人；go-between—go-betweens中間人

grown-up—grown-ups成年人；good-for-nothing—good-for-nothings沒(méi)用的人

3）構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞的每個(gè)部分都變成復(fù)數(shù)

man teacher—men teachers男教師；woman player—women players女運(yùn)動(dòng)員

（二）少數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的特殊用法

1．容易用為復(fù)數(shù)的不可數(shù)名詞（這些名詞一般不能用作復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)）

advice 建議，忠告

equipment 裝備，設(shè)備

furniture 家具，設(shè)備

information 通知；信息

knowledge 知識(shí)，學(xué)問(wèn)

baggage/luggage 行李，皮箱

cash 現(xiàn)金

apparatus 儀器

clothing 衣服

paper 紙，鈔票

technology 工藝，技術(shù)

living 生活，生計(jì)

progress 前進(jìn)，發(fā)展

scenery 風(fēng)景，景色

machinery 機(jī)器，機(jī)械

traffic 交通流量

trouble 煩惱，麻煩

thunder 雷聲，轟隆聲

weather 天氣，處境

work 工作，勞動(dòng)

luck 運(yùn)氣，幸運(yùn)

jewelry 珠寶

2．復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞用于單數(shù)概念，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。（這些名詞一般為表示學(xué)科或疾病的名詞）

economics 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

physics 物理學(xué)

mathematics 數(shù)學(xué)

dynamics 動(dòng)力學(xué)

The United States 美國(guó)

measles 麻疹

mumps 腮腺炎

rickets 軟骨病，佝僂病

news 新聞

The New York Times 紐約時(shí)報(bào)

3．單復(fù)數(shù)相同的名詞（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視具體情況而定）

deer 鹿

sheep 羊，綿羊

fish 魚

Chinese 漢語(yǔ)（單），中國(guó)人（復(fù)）

ethics 倫理學(xué)（單）；道德行為（復(fù)）

means 手段，方法

series 連續(xù)，系列

species 種類

works 工廠；作品

statistics 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)（單）；數(shù)據(jù)（復(fù)）

4．單數(shù)形式表示復(fù)數(shù)意義或總是用于復(fù)數(shù)的名詞（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)）

cattle 牲畜

herd 牧群

militia 民兵

police 警察

people 人民

trousers 褲子

jeans 工裝褲

gloves 手套

stockings 襪子

socks 短襪

scissors 剪刀

spectacles 眼睛

compasses 圓規(guī)

earnings 收入

findings 調(diào)查結(jié)果

savings 積蓄

belongings 所有物

surroundings 環(huán)境

lodgings 住所

troops 軍隊(duì)

goods 商品

regards 問(wèn)候

Philippines 菲律賓群島

funds 基金

pains 辛苦

alms 施舍，救濟(jì)物

5．既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù)但意義不同的名詞

air 空氣

arm 手臂

art 藝術(shù)

authority 權(quán)力；權(quán)威

brain 大腦

chain 鏈（條）

compliment 恭維；稱贊

condition 狀況，狀態(tài)

congratulation 祝賀

content 內(nèi)容；容量；滿足

convenience 便利，方便

custom 習(xí)俗

damage 損害；毀壞

finding 發(fā)現(xiàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)物

force 力；力量；勢(shì)力

glass 玻璃

airs 風(fēng)度，架勢(shì)

arms 武器

arts 文科；人文科學(xué)

authorities 官方；當(dāng)局

brains 智力

chains 鐐銬

compliments 問(wèn)候；致意

conditions 條件；環(huán)境，形勢(shì)

congratulations 祝賀詞

contents 目錄

conveniences 便利設(shè)備

customs 海關(guān)

damages 賠償費(fèi)

findings 調(diào)查（研究）結(jié)果

forces 兵力；軍隊(duì)

glasses 眼鏡

height 高；高度

humanity 人類；人性

import 進(jìn)口；輸入

interest 興趣；關(guān)心；利息

instruction 指導(dǎo)；指示

lesson 功課；課

liability 責(zé)任；義務(wù)

manner 舉止；方式

mass 大量；團(tuán)，塊

measure 尺寸，大小

minute 分鐘

necessity 必要/必然性；需要

observation 觀察；監(jiān)視

pain 疼痛

paper 紙

poll 民意測(cè)驗(yàn)

proceeding 行動(dòng)；進(jìn)行

provision 供應(yīng)；準(zhǔn)備；規(guī)定

quarter 四分之一

rail 欄桿，圍欄

respect 尊敬，尊重

ruin 毀滅，崩潰

saving 儲(chǔ)蓄

slack 淡季，蕭條

specification 詳述

spirit 精神，氣概

sport 運(yùn)動(dòng)

teaching 教學(xué)

term 學(xué)期，期限

thing 東西，物

time 時(shí)間

ton 噸

sand 沙子

transaction 處理；交易，事物

water 水

wood 木頭

communication 通信；交流

light 光

heights 高地/處

humanities 人文科學(xué)

imports 進(jìn)口商品；要旨，含義

interests 利益；利害

instructions 用法說(shuō)明（書）；操作指南

lessons 課程；教訓(xùn)

liabilities 債務(wù)

manners 禮貌，風(fēng)度；規(guī)矩，風(fēng)俗

masses 群眾；質(zhì)量

measures 措施，辦法

minutes 會(huì)議記錄

necessities 必需品

observations 觀察資料或報(bào)告；言論

pains 努力，辛勞

papers 文件

polls 政治選舉，大選

proceedings 會(huì)議錄；學(xué)報(bào)

provisions 給養(yǎng)，口糧

quarters 方向；地區(qū)；住處

rails 鐵路；軌道

respects 敬意，問(wèn)候

ruins 廢墟，遺跡

savings 儲(chǔ)蓄金，存款

slacks 便褲，運(yùn)動(dòng)褲

specifications 規(guī)格，說(shuō)明書，規(guī)范

spirits 情緒，心情；酒精

sports 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)

teachings 教導(dǎo)，學(xué)說(shuō)

terms 條件，條款；術(shù)語(yǔ)

things 用品；事態(tài)，情況

times 時(shí)代

tons 大量，許多

sands 沙灘

transactions 會(huì)報(bào)，學(xué)報(bào)

waters 水域，河道

woods 樹(shù)林

communications 交通工具，通信系統(tǒng)

lights 燈

virtue 美德

work 工作；職業(yè)；產(chǎn)品

virtues 優(yōu)點(diǎn)

works 著作；工廠，工場(chǎng)

三、主謂一致關(guān)系

英語(yǔ)中，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在數(shù)、性和格上應(yīng)該保持一致，但在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中很容易被忽視，尤其是主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間出現(xiàn)插入語(yǔ)，或名詞非正常形式做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，故考試中經(jīng)常考到主謂一致。除了以上特殊名詞謂語(yǔ)有特殊要求外，現(xiàn)將主謂一致的考點(diǎn)歸納如下。

1．復(fù)數(shù)原則：兩個(gè)或者兩個(gè)以上的名詞由and連接作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，主語(yǔ)由both...and...連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

Baseball and swimming are usually summer sports.

Both bread and butter are sold in that grocery．那個(gè)雜貨店既賣面包，也賣黃油。

2．就近原則：由either...or...; neither...nor...; not only...but also...; ...or...; there be...等引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近動(dòng)詞的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。

Not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party.

3．就遠(yuǎn)原則：主語(yǔ)，+ as well as+另一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。

My mother, as well as my two brothers, has a key to the office.

我母親，還有我的兩個(gè)哥哥都有一把辦公室的鑰匙。

同例：with...; together with...; along with...; including...; in addition to...; besides...; except...; as much as...; accompanied by...; rather than...；等等

4．單數(shù)原則：

1）表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)值、量度的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor.

Twenty days have passed since I met her last time.

自從我上次見(jiàn)到她到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)過(guò)去二十天。（twenty days這里不作整體看待，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。）

2）and連接兩個(gè)名詞表示一個(gè)概念作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；若表示的是多個(gè)不同的概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

War and peace is a constant theme in literature.

戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平是文學(xué)中永恒的主題。（war and peace是一對(duì)概念，看作一個(gè)主題）

同例：ham and eggs 火腿蛋

law and order

apple pie and ice cream

wheel and axle 輪軸

love and hate

steam and bread

bread and butter

folk and knife

needle and thread

egg and rice 蛋炒飯

The writer and translator is delivering a speech in our university tonight.（指同一個(gè)人）

The writer and the translator are delivering a speech in our university tonight.（指兩個(gè)人）

A black and a white dog are playing in the yard.（指兩只狗）

A black and white dog is playing in the yard.（指一只狗）

3）動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞性從句做主語(yǔ)時(shí)+單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)

Early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy, wealthy and wise.

（指“早睡早起”一件事）

To work hard is necessary.

What I said and did is of no concern to you.

Reading three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignments for the students during the holiday.（注意：指不同性質(zhì)的兩件事，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)）

4）many a, more than one+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，盡管表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語(yǔ)仍用單數(shù)。

Many a student has made such a mistake.

More than one stranger agrees with me.

注意：在“more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。More persons than one have been involved．卷入其中的遠(yuǎn)不止一人。

5）由every...and every...; each...and each...; no...and no...; many a...and many a...等連接的并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

Every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me.

No difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him.

6）a pair of+由兩部分物體構(gòu)成的名詞（如：shoes, scissors, glasses, jeans, pants, trousers）作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

My new pair of pants is being altered．我的一條短褲正在改。

7）當(dāng)主語(yǔ)被one（a）and a half修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

One and a half apples is left on the plate.

8）當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由a series of..., a portion of..., a species of..., a kind of..., a sequence of..., a chain of..., a piece of...加名詞（單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)）構(gòu)成時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。

A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Li.

A large portion of her poems was published after her death.

5．幾個(gè)例外：

1）a number of（a total of, an average of）+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

the number of（the total of, the average of）+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

A total of ten thousand dollars were donated last month.

The total of dollars donated last month was 100,000 dollars.

同例：a/the variety of; a/the group of

2）定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞注意與先行詞保持一致，但注意the only one of...的用法。

One of those men likes to drive fast.

One of those men who like to drive fast is her son.

He is the only one of those men who likes to drive fast.

3）由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞如somebody, nothing, nobody, anything, everybody等代詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；由each, everyone, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；由either, neither, each, every修飾名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：

More than one example is necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.

Neither is satisfactory.

Is either of the singers reading now?

4）the+adj/v-ed表示一類人時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；表示抽象概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.

病人得到了醫(yī)治，失蹤的也找回來(lái)了。

同例：the poor/dumb/innocent/guilty/unemployed/aged/oppressed/exploited...

We can do the difficult first. The impossible takes a little longer.

我們先從難題開(kāi)始，不會(huì)的可能花的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)一些。

The best is yet to come．好戲還在后頭。

四、主謂一致專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練題

1．The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes,________more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.

A．have allowed

B．a(chǎn)llows

C．a(chǎn)llowing

D．a(chǎn)llow

2．It is said that John's two daughters or his wife________to the city where he had an accident.

A．going

B．a(chǎn)re going

C．were going

D．was going

3．The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half________.

A．of last year's

B．those of last year's

C．of those of last year

D．that of last year's

4．Every man and every woman working here________with me.

A．is getting along well

B．a(chǎn)re getting along well

C．is got along well

D．a(chǎn)re got along well

5．Of particular interest to visitors________the large number of bookstores that sell books in different languages.

A．have been

B．a(chǎn)re

C．were

D．is

6．The statesman and writer you talked with last month________at today's conference.

A．was present

B．was presenting

C．were present

D．were presenting

7．In their hearts, some American women think it is men's business to earn money and________to spend it.

A．they

B．their

C．them

D．theirs

8．How close parents are to their children________a strong influence on the character of the children.

A．have

B．has

C．having

D．to have

9．A new television series________that they can and should think about career development.

A．teach handicapped children

B．teach handicapping children

C．teaches handicapped children

D．teaching handicapped children

10．This is one of the books that an________authentic story of World War Ⅱ.

A．tell

B．tells

C．is telling

D．a(chǎn)re telling

主謂一致專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練答案及詳解：

1．此題中的主語(yǔ)“growth”在作“發(fā)展，增長(zhǎng)，增大”解釋時(shí)，是不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。所以，應(yīng)選B．a(chǎn)llows。題意：業(yè)余和靈活工作模式的增多，以及培訓(xùn)和再培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃的增加使更多婦女就業(yè)。

2．選項(xiàng)中A是動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式，不能考慮；B和C是復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，而or的后面是單數(shù)名詞his wife，動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)與其一致；只有D為單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，符合要求。類似情況還有either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...，這些短語(yǔ)連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)一般與最靠近的一個(gè)主語(yǔ)相呼應(yīng)。題意：據(jù)說(shuō)約翰的兩個(gè)女兒或者他的妻子將前往約翰出事的城市。

3．選項(xiàng)中能代替主語(yǔ)中心詞the number的只有that, last year's=last year's registered participants。因此答案為D。題意：登記參加今年馬拉松賽跑的人數(shù)是去年的一半。

4．選項(xiàng)中C、D為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不符合題意。原題中and連接兩個(gè)表示單數(shù)含義的詞組，動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與離它最近的詞組保持一致，故選擇A。題意：在這里工作的每個(gè)男女都與我相處得很好。

5．句中主語(yǔ)the large number of的中心詞number是單數(shù)形式，這就決定了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)當(dāng)是單數(shù)形式。如果主語(yǔ)是a large number of bookstores，動(dòng)詞就需要用復(fù)數(shù)。A, B, C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，不符合題目要求，只有D選項(xiàng)正確。題意：令參觀者特別感興趣的是，有為數(shù)眾多的書店出售用各種語(yǔ)言文字出版的圖書。

6．句中主語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)名詞：statesman and writer，但前面合用一個(gè)定冠詞the，所以這是一個(gè)人。因此主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是單數(shù)，后面動(dòng)詞只能從單數(shù)中挑選，即從A和B中挑選。“出席”某一會(huì)議只能用be present表示，所以A為本題正確答案。題意：上個(gè)月和你交談過(guò)的那位政治家兼作家出席了今天的會(huì)議。

7．根據(jù)題意，空格處所填單詞的含義應(yīng)為與men's business并列的women's business。A項(xiàng)they為主格，B項(xiàng)their為所有格，C項(xiàng)them為賓格，D項(xiàng)theirs為表示所有關(guān)系的名詞性物主代詞。應(yīng)選D。題意：一些美國(guó)婦女從心里認(rèn)為：掙錢是男人們的責(zé)任，而花錢則是她們的權(quán)利。

8．本句是how引導(dǎo)的從句作主語(yǔ)，凡從句作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)。故B為正確答案。題意：父母和孩子親近的程度對(duì)孩子的性格有很大影響。

9．名詞series單復(fù)數(shù)同形，此處用作單數(shù)，所以選C。題意：一部新的電視連續(xù)劇告訴殘疾兒童他們可以也應(yīng)該考慮事業(yè)發(fā)展。

10．that引導(dǎo)的從句修飾先行詞the books，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。選項(xiàng)A為正確答案。題意：這是講述“二戰(zhàn)”真實(shí)故事的書的其中一本。