“再航行3天，”哥倫布說，“如果我們還看不到陸地就調頭回家?！眱商熘?，他們看見了陸地。登陸之后，他們發現那里樹木青翠、水源充足、水果多樣；哥倫布將此島命名為圣薩爾瓦多島。登陸后不久，許多島上的居民聚集在海灘上，哥倫布送給他們紅色帽子和珠子作為禮物。當地人則回贈給他們鸚鵡、棉花及其他物品。哥倫布在描述當地人時說：“他們赤身裸體就像被母親剛生下來的樣子，女人也是如此，盡管我只見到一個女孩。他們體態健美，面孔俊朗。”哥倫布認為自己已經找到了印度，于是將他所看到的人稱為“印第安人”。事實上，許多當地人被哥倫布一行人抓獲，后來賣作奴隸。

在該島尋找和掠奪黃金的同時，哥倫布一行到達伊斯帕尼奧拉島（現在分成海地和多米尼加共和國），古巴和其他許多較小的島嶼。到達古巴時，他誤以為那是中國——世界比他想象的要大得多。圣誕節前夕，圣瑪麗亞在海地附近失事。于是，哥倫布建成一個堡壘，留下40名男子繼續尋找黃金。然后，他乘尼娜號回到西班牙。平塔號也同時返回。西班牙人民把他當成英雄來歡迎。此后他又穿越大洋航行了三次。在第四次航行中，他13歲的兒子費迪南德與他同去。不過，哥倫布并沒有如他希望的那樣富有。在生命的最后，他只得到國王和王后給他的撫恤金，因為他是第一個到達新大陸的人。因為關節疼痛，他在床上度過了生命的最后幾個月。

作為一名探險家和航海家，哥倫布遠航的深遠影響大大超過以往任何一次探險活動。發現新大陸是人類有史以來最驚人的地理大發現，是人類挑戰自我、征服世界的一次偉大勝利。哥倫布不僅發現了一個新世界，而且為其他探險者開辟了道路。

2.Establishment of the North American Colonies 新生地：北美殖民地的建立

The original inhabitants of North America are Indians. In 16-18 century， Western Europe invaded North America， which is in the progress of capital accumulation.During the establishment of the British North American colonies， the French established New France（including the St.Lawrence River downstream of the tide zone， Mississippi River， etc.）；Spaniards established New Spain（Mexico and the southwestern United States， including vast areas）.In 1607，the British established the first colonial stronghold-James City， since they have been established 13 colonies in the Atlantic coast.Most people reach to the colony are the poor working people in Western Europe， but there are also the nobility， landowners， the bourgeoisie.Most of them are British， Irish， German and Dutch.Some of immigrants escaped war and religious persecution， some of them are voluntary and involuntary "slave contract" and the beggars， criminals， and there are also the black， who have been trafficked from Africa.A few years later， the British Puritans came to America to escape the religious persecution from the Church of England.

In 1620，some of the Plymouth company employees formed the Massachusetts Bay Company， by the British royal charter agreed in 1629，the company commissioned the UK Suffolk region manor， John Winthrop to arrange immigration plan. In March 1630，John Winthrop led more than a thousand religious moderate Puritans who came to Massachusetts Bay by five vessels.Funded by the Massachusetts Bay Company， later immigrants， more than 2 million people， are gradually come to Massachusetts.Soon， the Massachusetts Bay Company moved its headquarters to colony from the British， later， Massachusetts soon developed， depend on Boston， which is the center of colonies.

Puritans of Massachusetts came to the New World with pious religious ideals； they try to establish a doctrine saying-the "Mountain City"， wihch is talk about an example of all mankind to establish the sanctity of the holy. As a result， the local governments enacted legislation requires people to strictly abide by the doctrine， and punish immoral behavior such as alcohol and adultery， even men's hair a little longer will be trouble.These stringent and complicated rules and prohibitions soon attracted some dissatisfaction with immigration.Roger Williams， living in the town of Salem， against the Theocratic policy of the local government， he believes church and state should be separate and non-interference， the government can not implement religious law， and religion itself will ultimately depend on personal consciousness and feeling.His views soon reject by the local puritan rulers； he was expelled from the colony of Massachusetts General Court in 1635.Pastor Williams and his supporters fled to Narayan Gan Brecht Bay， where they established a new colony called Rhode Island， where he implemented the policy of secularism.

Another colony established by Puritan is Pennsylvania， which is found by Quaker William Penn， who is the leaders of Puritan Quakers， they refused to swear and military service， and soon rejected by the British government， so a large number of Christians have immigrated to North America. Payne's father was a famous British military commanders， Payne himself is very capable， he obtained a charter from King Charles I in the United Kingdom on March 14， 1681，where he have the ownership of the land area of Pennsylvania.In 1682，Pei Well established Philadelphia， he used this name by the synthesis of two Greek words， expressed his plans to live in harmony and good will of the holy experiment.Payne implemented policy of religious freedom and his reputation for impartial and soon attracted a large number of immigrants from Europe， many of them came from Germany to escape religious persecution of the Protestant splinter groups of Christians.From 1607 to 1733，the British has established 13 colonies in the east coast of North America.

北美洲原始居民為印第安人。16～18世紀，正在進行資本原始積累的西歐各國相繼入侵北美洲。在英屬北美殖民地建立時期，法國人建立了新法蘭西（包括圣勞倫斯流域下游大潮區，密西西比河流域等處）；西班牙人建立了新西班牙（包括墨西哥和美國西南部的廣大地區）。1607年，英國建立了第1個殖民據點——詹姆士城，此后在大西洋沿岸陸續建立了13個殖民地。到達殖民地的大多數是西歐貧苦的勞動人民，也有貴族、地主、資產階級，以英國人、愛爾蘭人、德意志人和荷蘭人居多。移民中有逃避戰禍和宗教迫害者，有自愿和非自愿的“契約奴”以及乞丐、罪犯；還有從非洲被販運來的黑人。幾年后英國的清教徒也紛紛來到美洲躲避因他們反對英國教會而遭到的宗教迫害。

1620年，普利茅斯公司的部分員工組成馬薩諸塞灣公司，在1629年得到英國王室特許后，該公司委托英國薩?？说貐^的莊園主約翰·溫斯羅普安排移民計劃。1630年3月，約翰·溫斯羅普率領一千多名宗教態度較溫和的清教徒乘坐5艘船只來到馬薩諸塞灣。在馬薩諸塞灣公司的資助下，來到馬薩諸塞的移民逐漸超過2萬人。不久，馬薩諸塞灣公司總部由英國搬到殖民地，此后，馬薩諸塞殖民地很快以波士頓為中心發展起來。

馬薩諸塞的清教徒懷著虔誠的宗教理想來到新大陸，他們力圖在這里建立起教義上所講的“山巔之城”，即為全人類樹立圣潔的神圣榜樣。為此當地的政府頒布法律要求人們嚴格遵守教義，并嚴懲酗酒與通奸這類不道德的行為，即使男士的頭發稍微長一點都會遇到麻煩。這些嚴厲而繁瑣的清規戒律很快引起了一部分移民的不滿。居住在塞勒姆鎮的羅杰·威廉斯牧師堅決反對當地政府的政教合一政策，他認為教會與政府應該是分離、互不干涉的，政府不能實施宗教法律，宗教本身最終依賴于個人的覺悟和感覺。他的觀點很快為當地清教徒的統治者所不容，1635年，他被馬薩諸塞綜合法庭驅逐出殖民地。威廉斯牧師和他的支持者逃到納拉甘希特灣，在那里建立了一個名為羅德島的新殖民地，并在那里推行政教分離的政策。