◇令人不安的觀點(diǎn)

你可能在想，好希望這些關(guān)于睪酮的論斷都是錯(cuò)的，但我想強(qiáng)調(diào)的其實(shí)是，這些論斷正確與否都無所謂。如果你覺得一個(gè)科學(xué)假設(shè)讓你不爽，請你在腦子里繃緊這根弦：你很可能會(huì)低估支持這個(gè)假設(shè)的證據(jù)。這句話聽起來好像和沒說一樣，但我花了很長時(shí)間，下了很大功夫才真正理解。

現(xiàn)在的大眾和過去一樣，熱衷于相信人類身體、行為、制度的性別結(jié)構(gòu)幾乎完全不受生物學(xué)（尤其是睪酮的作用）影響。這類意見的一位領(lǐng)袖名叫科迪莉亞·法恩，她是一名心理學(xué)家，在2017年出版了著作《荷爾蒙戰(zhàn)爭》。法恩認(rèn)為，睪酮決定男性行為這種論調(diào)早就被證據(jù)壓垮了，用她的話說，“復(fù)活這只恐龍”既沒用又危險(xiǎn)，還會(huì)“粉碎男女平等的希望”[40]。如果你相信“生理性別是推動(dòng)人類走上不同道路的基本力量”，那你就陷入了“老生常談”，即“兩性之間的差異由過去的進(jìn)化壓力塑造，女性更加謹(jǐn)慎，注重生兒育女，而男性則永遠(yuǎn)在尋求更高的地位，以吸引更多伴侶”[41]。

《荷爾蒙戰(zhàn)爭》獲得了英國皇家學(xué)會(huì)科學(xué)圖書獎(jiǎng)，該獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)很有影響力。一名評委為這本書寫了這么一句評語：“這本書出色地說明了每個(gè)人，無論是男性還是女性，生來就有能力擁有任何一種生活。”[42]《荷爾蒙戰(zhàn)爭》指出，如果相信關(guān)于進(jìn)化、激素的“性別歧視”論調(diào)，那我們就是在對自己能取得的成就橫加限制。法恩等人表示，若要消除這些限制，就得駁斥兩性之間有生物學(xué)差異這種“根深蒂固的迷思”，尤其是睪酮的迷思。[43]

人們普遍相信，性別差異的生物學(xué)解釋必然會(huì)讓人對進(jìn)步悲觀，并接受性別社會(huì)規(guī)范的宿命論。神經(jīng)科學(xué)家吉娜·里彭在2019年出版的《大腦的性別》一書中就這么說過：“對生物學(xué)的信仰讓我們形成了一種特定思維傾向，認(rèn)為人類能進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)是固定的、不可改變的，從而忽視許多新的可能。我們靈活的大腦與其可調(diào)節(jié)的世界，在很大程度上密不可分地聯(lián)系著。”[44]

《睪酮外傳》《荷爾蒙戰(zhàn)爭》，還有無數(shù)流行雜志、報(bào)紙上的文章……沒有這方面知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備的讀者如果讀完了這份精心遴選的清單，一定會(huì)疑惑，我們在這兒大驚小怪地討論，到底是為了什么。如果科學(xué)上真有這么大的缺陷，那“男性性激素”睪酮的迷思一開始是如何產(chǎn)生的？科學(xué)記者安杰拉·薩伊尼在她的暢銷書《低人一等：科學(xué)如何誤導(dǎo)女性，以及改寫故事的新研究》中回答了這個(gè)問題。在她看來，是科學(xué)史上明顯又真實(shí)的性別歧視把我們引入了歧途，只有揭露科學(xué)中的偏見和性別歧視，我們才能看到真正的證據(jù)。在這本書的開頭，薩伊尼問道：“性激素平衡的影響能否超越性器官并深入我們的思想和行為，讓男人和女人產(chǎn)生明顯差異呢？”[45]她的答案很明確：“兩性在心理上差異很小，我們看到的差異也不源于生物學(xué)，很大程度上是文化塑造的。”[46]

帶有性別歧視意味的假設(shè)能夠影響科研，在這一點(diǎn)上我認(rèn)同薩伊尼，但我不能認(rèn)同她對上述問題的回答。科學(xué)研究已經(jīng)明確證實(shí)性別差異確實(shí)有生物學(xué)來源了，在許多重要的方面，睪酮能讓男性和女性的心理、行為產(chǎn)生差異。

在接下來的章節(jié)里，你將看到睪酮為了促進(jìn)繁衍，是如何影響我們的身體、大腦和行為的。了解這種影響不是什么壞事，而是對我們的一種賦能。我們了解睪酮或性別差異，絕不意味著我們接受目前程度的性侵犯、性騷擾、性脅迫或性別歧視。恰恰相反，社會(huì)的進(jìn)步有賴于科學(xué)的進(jìn)步[47]，了解驅(qū)動(dòng)我們的優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)和行為的力量，以及基因、激素和環(huán)境如何相互作用，有助于我們與本性中陰暗的一面對抗。沒有必要低估睪酮在我們體內(nèi)發(fā)揮的作用。了解世界運(yùn)作的方式、直面真相的確有可能令人不適或不安，但我希望這個(gè)過程總體上能讓你滿意，給你力量，要是你能覺得有趣就更好了，因?yàn)檫@些就是我有過的感受。

[1]R. J. Nelson and L. J. Kriegsfeld, An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology,5th ed. (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2017), 73-74, 554, 703.

[2]1英尺=0.3048米。——編者注

[3]Martin N. Muller and Richard W. Wrangham,“Dominance, Aggression and Testosterone in Wild Chimpanzees: A Test of the ‘Challenge Hypothesis, ’”Animal Behaviour 67, no.1 (2004): 113-23;參考了第116頁關(guān)于黑猩猩尿液收集、保存和激素分析的方法。

[4]基巴萊黑猩猩項(xiàng)目是一個(gè)針對靈長目動(dòng)物的長期野外研究項(xiàng)目，開始于1987年，以烏干達(dá)境內(nèi)的野生黑猩猩種群為主要的研究對象，研究方向包括行為、生理、生態(tài)等，旨在保護(hù)瀕危的靈長目物種及其生境。——譯者注

[5]1英里約為1.61千米。——編者注

[6]Eugene Linden,“The Wife Beaters of Kibale,”Time, August 19, 2002, 56;另參見：Eugene Linden, The Octopus and the Orangutan: More True Tales of Animal Intrigue, Intelligence, and Ingenuity (New York: E. P. Dutton, 2002), 112。

[7]Richard W. Wrangham and Dale Peterson, Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence (Boston: Houghton Miflin Harcourt, 1996).

[8]Martin N. Muller, Sonya M. Kahlenberg, Melissa Emery Thompson, and Richard W. Wrangham,“Male Coercion and the Costs of Promiscuous Mating for Female Chimpanzees,”Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences 274, no.1612 (2007): 1009-14, and Joseph T. Feldblum,Emily E. Wroblewski, Rebecca S. Rudicell, Beatrice H. Hahn, Thais Paiva,Mine Cetinkaya-Rundel, Anne E. Pusey, and Ian C. Gilby,“Sexually Coercive Male Chimpanzees Sire More Offspring,”Current Biology 24, no. 23(2014): 2855-60.

[9]Human Rights Watch,“Human Rights Watch World Report 2000—Uganda,”December 1, 1999, https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a8c924.html.

[10]Neil MacFarquhar,“8 Tourists Slain in Uganda, Including U.S. Couple,”New York Times, March 3, 1999.

[11]奧茲醫(yī)生是美國心臟手術(shù)領(lǐng)域的知名專家，后放棄從醫(yī)，主持全國性的電視節(jié)目《奧茲醫(yī)生秀》，幫助無數(shù)人獲得了健康的生活方式。——譯者注

[12]Danielle Kurtzleben,“Trump and the Testosterone Takeover of 2016,”National Public Radio, October 1, 2016, https://www.npr.org/2016/10/01/494249104/trump-and-the-testosterone-takeover-of-2016.

[13]Andrew Sullivan,“#MeToo and the Taboo Topic of Nature,”New York Magazine, January 19, 2018.

[14]Gad Saad,“Is Toxic Masculinity a Valid Concept?,”Psychology Today blog, March 8, 2018, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/homo consumericus/201803/is-toxic-masculinity-valid-concept.

[15]Neal Gabler,“The Testosterone Fueled Presidency,”Huffington Post,August 16, 2017, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-testosterone-fueled presidency_b_59949cd3e4b056a2b0ef029c.

[16]三者均為美國知名的保守派專欄作家、政論撰稿人。——譯者注

[17]Emerald Robinson,“The Collapse of the Never-Trump Conservatives,”Ameri can Spectator, June 29, 2018.

[18]Leon Seltzer,“M ale Sexu al Misconduc t a nd the Testosterone Curse,”Psychology Today blog, November 29, 2017, https://www.psycholo gytoday.com/us/blog/evolution-the-self/201711/male-sexual-misconduct and-the-testosterone-curse.

[19]Rachel E. Morgan and Barbara A. Oudekerk,“Criminal Victimiza tion, 2018,”BCJ 253043, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, September 2019, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv18.pdf; David C. Geary, Male, Female: The Evolution of Human Sex Differences, 3rd ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychological Associa tion, 2021), 433-37; National Highway Trafic Safety Administration,“Com parison of Crash Fatalities by Sex and Age Group” (Washington, DC: Na tional Center for Statistics and Analysis, 2008); Monica Hesse,“We Need to Talk About Why Mass Shooters Are Almost Always Men,”Washington Post, August 5, 2019.

[20]1英寸=2.54厘米。——編者注

[21]幾乎每一種性別差異，男性的變異程度都要大于女性，但小學(xué)時(shí)期的閱讀能力的變異程度常常較低，沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義上的性別差異。參見：Ariane Baye and Christian Monseur,“Gender Differences in Variability and Extreme Scores in an International Context,”Large-Scale Assessments in Education 4, no.1(2016): 1-16。關(guān)于智商等認(rèn)知能力測試的變異程度的性別差異，參見：Alan Feingold,“Sex Diferences in Variability in Intellectual Abilities: A New Look at an Old Controversy,”Review of Educational Research 62, no.1 (1992): 61-84。

[22]Rebecca M. Jordan-Young and Katrina Karkazis, Testosterone: An Unauthorized Biography (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019), 54; and Rebecca M.Jordan-Young,“How to Kill the ‘Zombie Fact’ That Testosterone Drives Human Aggression,”paper presented at the Women in the World: Time for a New Paradigm for Peace conference, University of Maryland, September 2019, 22.

[23]American Psychological Association,“Harmful Masculinity and Violence,”In the Public Interest Newsletter, September 2018, https://www.apa.org/pi/about/newsletter/2018/09/harmful-masculinity.

[24]《嘿，小瘦子！你瘦得肋骨都凸出來了！》，電子漫畫，引自查爾斯·阿特拉斯有限公司的官方網(wǎng)站，訪問于2020年1月15日。查爾斯·阿特拉斯的力量訓(xùn)練法廣告常見于學(xué)者的文章，文章分析了這個(gè)廣告反映的“理想男性”的特征。例如，參見：Jacqueline Reich,“‘The World’s Most Perfectly Developed Man’: Charles Atlas, Physical Culture, and the Inscription of American Masculinity,”Men and Masculinities 12, no. 4 (2010): 444-6。

[25]Randy Thornhill,“Rape in Panorpa Scorpionflies and a General Rape Hypothesis,”Animal Behaviour 28, no.1 (1980): 52-59.用桑希爾的話說，男性比女性身材魁梧，是因?yàn)椤绑w形較大的男性受青睞”，而這又是由于如果未能成功搶到交配所需的資源，體形較大的男性強(qiáng)奸的成功率更高。桑希爾和帕爾默的強(qiáng)奸假說全文，參見：Randy Thornhill and Craig T. Palmer,A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion (Cambridge,MA: MIT Press, 2001)。批判這一觀點(diǎn)的言論，參見：Jerry A. Coyne and Andrew Berry,“Rape as an Adaptation,”Nature 404, no. 6774 (2000):121-22。

[26]Justin Storbeck and Gerald L. Clore,“Afective Arousal as Information: How Afective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory,”Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2, no. 5 (2008): 1824-43.

[27]Lawrence Summers,“Full Transcript: President Summers’ Remarks at the National Bureau of Economic Research, Jan.14, 2005,”Harvard Crimson,February 18, 2005, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/ 2005/2/18/full transcript-president-summers-remarks-at/.

[28]Alan Finder,“President of Harvard Resigns, Ending Stormy 5-Year Tenure,”New York Times, February 22, 2006.

[29]Sara Rimer and Patrick D. Healy,“Furor Lingers as Harvard Chief Gives Details of Talk on Women,”New York Times, February 18, 2005.

[30]James Damore,“Google’s Ideological Echo Chamber,”July 2017, https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3914586/Googles-Ideological-Echo Chamber.pdf.

[31]支持他的文章，參見：Lee Jussim, Geofrey Miller, and Debra W. Soh in “The Google Memo: Four Scientists Respond,”Quillette, August 17, 2017,https://quillette.com/2017/08/07/google-memo-four-scientists-respond/;Debra Soh,“No, the Google Manifesto Isn’t Sexist or Anti-Diversity. It’s Science,”Globe and Mail (Toronto), August 8, 2017; Glenn Stanton,“The Science Says the Google Guy Was Right About Sex Differences,”Federalist,August 11, 2017, https://thefederalist.com/2017/08/11/science-says-google guy-right-sex-diferences/。更多的批判性觀點(diǎn)，參見：Megan Molteni and Adam Rogers,“The Actual Science of James Damore’s Google Memo,”Wired, August 15, 2017, https://www.wired.com/story/the-pernicious-science-of james-damores-google-memo/; and Brian Feldman,“Here Are Some Scientific Arguments James Damore Has Yet to Respond To,”New York Magazine,August 11, 2017。

[32]Gina Rippon,“What Neuroscience Can Tell Us About the Google Diversity Memo,”The Conversation, August 14, 2017, https://theconversation.com/what-neuroscience-can-tell-us-about-the-google-diversity-memo-82455.里彭認(rèn)為，達(dá)莫爾在備忘錄中宣稱“女性在科技領(lǐng)域人數(shù)過少，是由于生物學(xué)差異”，但達(dá)莫爾從未說過生物學(xué)是全部解釋。里彭還指出，興趣和能力方面的性別差異并不是“落入兩個(gè)極端”，而是“分布在一個(gè)連續(xù)區(qū)間內(nèi)”，并以此來反對達(dá)莫爾。但我仍要強(qiáng)調(diào)，達(dá)莫爾并未否認(rèn)過這一點(diǎn)。

[33]Daisuke Wakabayashi,“Contentious Memo Strikes Nerve Inside Google and Out,”New York Times, August 8, 2017.

[34]Daisuke Wakabayashi and Nellie Bowles,“Google Memo Author Sues, Claim ing Bias Against White Conservative Men,”New York Times, January 8, 2018.

[35]Angela Saini, Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong and the New Research That’s Rewriting the Story (Boston: Beacon Press, 2017).

[36]Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2 vols.(London: John Murray, 1871), vol.1, 564.

[37]David F. Feldon, James Peugh, Michelle A. Maher, Josipa Roksa, and Colby Tofel-Grehl,“Time-to-Credit Gender Inequities of First-Year PhD Students in the Biological Sciences,”CBE—Life Sciences Education 16, no.1 (2017), article 4.截至2017年，女性獲得生物科學(xué)領(lǐng)域52.5%的博士學(xué)位，但在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域只拿到30%～35%的終身教職。

[38]Gertrud Pfister,“The Medical Discourse on Female Physical Culture in Germany in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries,”Journal of Sport History 17, no. 2(1990): 191.

[39]Adam S. Cohen,“Harvard’s Eugenics Era,”Harvard Magazine, March-April 2016, https://harvardmagazine.com/2016/03/harvards-eugenics-era.

[40]引自出版商的封底描述：Cordelia Fine, Testosterone Rex: Myths of Sex, Science,and Society (London: Icon Books, 2017)。

[41]引自出版商的描述：W. W. Norton, Fine, Testosterone Rex, https://www.wwnorton.co.uk/books/9780393082081-testosterone-rex。

[42]“Cordelia Fine’s Explosive Study of Gender Politics Wins 30th Anniversary Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize,”Royal Society, news,September 19, 2017, https://royalsociety.org/news/2017/09/cordelia-fine wins-30th-anniversary-royal-society-insight-investment-science-bookprize/.

[43]引自出版商的描述：Fine, Testosterone Rex。

[44]Gina Rippon, The Gendered Brain: The New Neuroscience That Shatters the Myth of the Female Brain (New York: Random House, 2019), 353.

[45]Saini, Inferior, 28.

[46]Saini, Inferior, 10.

[47]關(guān)于科學(xué)和理性如何推動(dòng)社會(huì)進(jìn)步，有一本書做了充分的分析，參見：Steven Pinker, Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress (New York: Viking, 2018)。