水無處不在,每時每刻都在引導著我們的生理存在,以及我們在這個世界上所有的具體關系,但由于它是我們生活的媒介,往往不為人察覺。在《景觀與城市規劃》(Landscape and Urban Planning)期刊上的一項研究報告中,作者什穆埃爾·伯米爾、特里·丹尼爾、約翰·赫瑟林頓分享了一些一直存在的關于水的思考。這項研究從水的反射性入手。他們寫道:
[3] Damien Carrington,“Climate Crisis Has Shifted the Earth’s Axis, Study Shows,” Guardian, Guardian News and Media, April 23, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/ environment/2021/apr/23/climate-crisis-has-shifted-the-earths-axis-study-shows.
[4] Aylin Woodward, “The Earth Has Tilted on its Axis Differently over the Last Few Decades Due to Melting Ice Caps.” March 23, 2023. https://africa.businessinsider.com/ science/the-earth-has-tilted-on-its-axis-differently-over-the-last-few-decades-due-to-melting/jntq86j.
[5] Stephanie Pappas,“Climate Change Has Been Altering Earth’s Axis for at Least 30 Years,”LiveScience. Future U.S. Inc, April 28, 2021. https://www.livescience.com/ climate-change-shifts-poles.html.
[6] Hoai-Tran Bui, “Water Discovered Deep beneath Earth’s Surface,”USA Today, June 12, 2014. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/06/12/water-earth-reservoir-science-geology-magma-mantle/10368943/.
[7] Juan Siliezar, “Harvard Scientists Determine Early Earth May Have Been a Water World.” Harvard Gazette, November 9, 2023. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/04/ harvard-scientists-determine-early-earth-may-have-been-a-water-world/.
[8] Water Science School, “The Water in You: Water and the Human Body,”U.S. Geological Survey, May 22, 2019, https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/ water-you-water-and-human-body?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects.
[9] H. H. Mitchell, T. S. Hamilton, F. R. Steggerda, and H. W. Bean,“The Chemical Composition of the Adult Human Body and Its Bearing on the Biochemistry of Growth,” Journal of Biological Chemistry 158 (3), 1945: 625–637. https://www.jbc.org/article/ S0021-9258(19)51339-4/pdf.
[10] “What Does Blood Do?” Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, InformedHealth.org, U.S. National Library of Medicine, August 29, 2019. https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279392/.
[11] Ibid.,“The Water in You,”Water Science School. 參見第8條。
[13] “Biologists Think 50% of Species Will Be Facing Extinction by the End of the Century,” Guardian, February 25, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/25/ half-all-species-extinct-end-century-vatican-conference.
[14] Vivek V. Venkataraman, Thomas S. Kraft, Nathaniel J. Dominy, Kirk M. Endicott, “Hunter Gatherer Residential Mobility and the Marginal Value of Rainforest Patches,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (12), 2017: 3097. https://www. pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1617542114.
[15] Kat So and Sally Hardin,“Extreme Weather Cost U.S. Taxpayers $99 Billion Last Year, and It Is Getting Worse,”Center for American Progress, September 1, 2021. https:// www.americanprogress.org/article/extreme-weather-cost-u-s-taxpayers-99-billion-last-year-getting-worse/; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events.” https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/ US/2020.
[16] Adam B. Smith,“2021 U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters in Historical Context.” January 23, 2022. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/beyond-data/2021-us-billion-dollar-weather-and-climate-disasters-historical.
[17] Sarah Kaplan and Andrew Ba Tran, “Over 40% of Americans Live in Counties Hit by Climate Disasters in 2021,”Washington Post, January 5, 2022. https://www. washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/01/05/climate-disasters-2021-fires/; Alicia Adamczyk, “Here’s What’s in the Democrats’ $1.75 Trillion Build Back Better Plan,” CNBC, October 28, 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/28/whats-in-the-democrats-1point85-trillion-dollar-build-back-better-plan.html.
[18] “Dams Sector,” Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. https://www.cisa. gov/topics/critical-infrastructure-security-and-resilience/critical-infrastructure-sectors/ dams-sector;“Dams,”ASCE’s 2021 Infrastructure Report Card, July 12, 2022. https:// infrastructurereportcard.org/cat-item/dams-infrastructure/; “Levees.”ASCE’s 2021 Infrastructure Report Card, July 12, 2022. https://infrastructurereportcard.org/cat-item/ levees-infrastructure/.
[19] Jeffrey J. Opperman, Rafael R. Camargo, Ariane Laporte-Bisquit, Christiane Zar., and Alexis J. Morgan, “Using the WWF Water Risk Filter to Screen Existing and Projected Hydropower Projects for Climate and Biodiversity Risks,”Water 14 (5), 2022: 721. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050721.
[20] Mateo Jasmine Munoz,“Lawrence Joseph Henderson: Bridging Laboratory and Social Life.” DASH Home, 2014. https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/12274511.
[21] “Gaia hypothesis.”Encyclopedia Britannica, April 20, 2023. https://www.britannica. com/science/Gaia-hypothesis.
[22] Madeleine Nash,“Our Cousin the Fishapod,”TIME Magazine, April 10, 2006. http:// content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1181611,00.html.
[26] X. Y. Sha, Z. F. Xiong, H. S. Liu, X. D. Di, and T. H. Ma, “Maternal–Fetal Fluid Balance and Aquaporins: From Molecule to Physiology.”Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 32 (6), 2011: 716–720. https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2011.59.
[27] From the Epic of Gilgamesh. https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~vl/notes/gilgamesh.html.
[28] Mircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996, pp. 188–189.
[29] Ivan Illich, H2O and the Waters of Forgetfulness. New York: Marion Boyars, 1986, pp. 24–25.
[30] United Nations, “Fact Sheet,”The Ocean Conference, June 5–9, 2017, https:// sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Ocean_Factsheet_People.pdf.
[31] M. Kummu, H. de Moel, P. J. Ward, and O. Varis, “How Close Do We Live to Water? A Global Analysis of Population Distance to Freshwater Bodies,”PLOS ONE 6 (6), 2011: e20578. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020578.
[32] Sebastian Volker and Thomas Kistemann. “The Impact of Blue Space on Human Health and Well-Being – Salutogenetic Health Effects of Inland Surface Waters: A Review,” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 214 (6), 2011: 449–460.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.05.001.
[33] U. Nanda, S. L. Eisen, and V. Baladandayuthapani,“Undertaking an Art Survey to Compare Patient Versus Student Art Preferences,”Environment and Behavior 40 (2), 2008: 269–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916507311552.
[34] Jenna Karjeski, “This is Water,”The New Yorker, September 19, 2008, https://www. newyorker.com/books/page-turner/this-is-water.
[35] Shmuel Burmil, Terry C. Daniel, and John D. Hetherington, “Human Values and Perceptions of Water in Arid Landscapes,”Landscape and Urban Planning 44 (2–3), 1999: 99–109, ISSN 0169 2046. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(99)00007-9.
[37] Eugene C. Robertson,“The Interior of the Earth,”Geological Survey Circular, 1966. https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/.
[38] Megan Fellman, “New Evidence for Oceans of Water Deep in the Earth.”Northwestern Now, 2014. https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2014/06/new-evidence-for-oceans-of-water-deep-in-the-earth/.
[39] Steve Nadis,“The Search for Earth’s Underground Oceans,”Discover Magazine, June 13, 2020. https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/the-search-for-earths-underground-oceans.
[40] Megan Fellman, “New Evidence for Oceans of Water Deep in the Earth.”參見第37條。
[41] Steve Nadis,“The Search for Earth’s Underground Oceans.”參見第38條。