三、優(yōu)先性表達(dá)
合同里經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)約定不一致的條款。例如,某個(gè)條文對(duì)一方設(shè)定了一般性的限制,但另一個(gè)條文又要求該方實(shí)施特定行為。當(dāng)兩個(gè)條文發(fā)生沖突時(shí),應(yīng)該遵守哪一個(gè)?此時(shí),優(yōu)先性表達(dá)就會(huì)明確哪個(gè)條款優(yōu)先于其他條款適用。
1.“provisos”
“provisos”(限制條款、但書)用于在一般性規(guī)則之下設(shè)立條件或例外,表明該條件或例外在適用時(shí)優(yōu)先于前文的一般規(guī)則。
The Licensee shall deliver sales reports to the Licensor on the last business day of each week;provided,however,that such delivery may be made on the first day of the following week if the number of business days in the week covered by the report is less than five.
被許可人應(yīng)在每周最后一個(gè)工作日向許可人提交銷售報(bào)告;但是,如果一周內(nèi)少于5個(gè)工作日,那么可在次周的首日提交。
特別注意,作為常見(jiàn)合同用語(yǔ),“provided”被廣泛適用于許多場(chǎng)合,可能表達(dá)不同的含義,第十七章將具體分析如何防止歧義。
2.“notwithstanding/despite anything to the contrary/the foregoing”
·notwithstanding anything to the contrary(盡管有相反約定)
·notwithstanding the foregoing(盡管有前述約定)
·despite anything to the contrary(盡管有相反約定)
·despite the foregoing(盡管有前述約定)
這四個(gè)短語(yǔ)表示如果后文的內(nèi)容與其他條款不一致時(shí)效力優(yōu)先。
The Purchaser shall make each milestone payment on the date stated in Section 6.3. Notwithstanding the foregoing,on up to three occasions during the term of this Agreement,the Purchaser may,by prior notice to the Seller,delay the payments by a period not to exceed on each occasion 3 business days.
買方應(yīng)于第6.3條所定日期完成里程碑支付。盡管有前述約定,在本協(xié)議期間內(nèi)不超過(guò)三次的情況下,買方可事先通知賣方將付款期限推遲不超過(guò)3個(gè)工作日。
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section,the Licensee may set up subsidiaries within the Licensed Territory.
盡管本條有相反約定,但被許可人可以在許可區(qū)域內(nèi)設(shè)立子公司。
3.“except as otherwise(expressly)provided/stated”
“except as otherwise provided”(除非有相反約定)和“except as otherwise expressly stated”(除非有明確的相反約定)這兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)通常后接一般性規(guī)則,同時(shí)為其他條文做出例外約定留下了空間。
Except as otherwise provided herein,all payments described under this Contract will be made in US dollars.
除非此處另有約定,本合同項(xiàng)下的所有款項(xiàng)均以美元支付。
Except as otherwise expressly stated in Section 8,the Shareholder may not transfer any of the Preferred Shares.
除非第8條另有明確約定,股東不得轉(zhuǎn)讓優(yōu)先股。
4.“without limiting the generality of the foregoing”
合同中先約定一項(xiàng)基本原則,然后特別提到該原則的某些具體適用方式或場(chǎng)景,雙方希望強(qiáng)調(diào):具體適用只是示例,不影響前面原則的普遍有效性。此時(shí),就可以用到“without limiting the generality of the foregoing”(不限制前述內(nèi)容的一般適用性)。
下面兩個(gè)條款摘自同一份合同:
The Owner shall maintain insurance at levels and with deductibles consistent with customary business practices in the Owner's industry.
業(yè)主方應(yīng)按照其所在行業(yè)的商務(wù)慣例購(gòu)買相應(yīng)水平和免賠額的保險(xiǎn)。
The Owner's insurance for casualty losses in respect of its plant shall at no time be less than $5 million.
業(yè)主方對(duì)其工廠意外損失的保險(xiǎn)額不得低于500萬(wàn)美元。
問(wèn)題是,如果業(yè)主方按第二個(gè)條文購(gòu)買了500萬(wàn)美元的保險(xiǎn),那么是否還必須遵守第一個(gè)條文約定的行業(yè)慣例??jī)H從這兩個(gè)條文,無(wú)法給出確定答案。如果第一條的適用性不受影響,那么為免產(chǎn)生疑問(wèn),可在第二條的起始插入“without limiting the generality of the foregoing”。這樣,兩個(gè)條文的適用關(guān)系就描述清楚了。
可改為:
The Owner shall maintain insurance at levels and with deductibles consistent with customary business practices in the Owner's industry.
業(yè)主方應(yīng)按照其所在行業(yè)的商務(wù)慣例購(gòu)買相應(yīng)水平和免賠額的保險(xiǎn)。
Without limiting the generality of the foregoing,the Owner's insurance for casualty losses in respect of its plant shall at no time be less than $5 million.
在不限制前述內(nèi)容一般適用性的情況下,業(yè)主方對(duì)其工廠意外損失的保險(xiǎn)額不得低于500萬(wàn)美元。
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