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第二章
漢英法律翻譯原則與翻譯單位

第一節 傳統法律文本翻譯原則

規范性法律文本翻譯的總體原則是法律對等。所謂法律對等,即在翻譯過程中以保持法律概念、法律規范、法律傳統、法律效力與法律效果等法律因素的對等為首要考慮因素,而將語言方面的對等作為次要考慮因素。當然,這并不是說語言因素不重要:如果法律詞匯和術語等基本語言因素的對等都無法保障,又談何法律對等?實際上,語言對等是實現法律對等的前提條件。立法文本翻譯的法律對等是一個抽象的原則,其實現必然在語言層次上操作,因而要堅持翻譯的準確與精確原則、一致與同一原則、簡潔清晰原則、使用術語與專業表達原則以及套用法律套語原則。翻譯的第一步一般是先分析原文的句子結構,以便更好地進行翻譯工作。無論是人工翻譯還是計算機輔助翻譯,首要步驟都是分析句子結構,以下列句子為例:

原文為:

(1)?如買方所訂船只到達裝港后,賣方不能按買方所通知的時間如期裝船時,則空艙費及滯期費等一切費用和后果均由賣方負擔。(2)?如船只因臨時撤換、延期或退關等情況而未能及時通知賣方停止發貨者,在裝港發生的棧租及保險費損失的計算,應以代理通知之裝船日期(如貨物晚于船代理通知之裝船日期抵達裝港,應以貨物抵港日期)為準,在港口免費堆存期滿后第16天起應由買方負擔,人力不可抗拒的情況除外。(3)?但賣方仍負有載貨船只到達裝港后立即將貨物裝船之義務并擔負費用及風險。(4)?前述各有關費用均憑原始單據核實支付。(《國際貨物買賣合同》,2011年)

上述條款有四個句子,每個句子可拆分為以下成分:

(1)?

(a)?費用和后果(subject?of?the?main?clause)

(b)?由……負擔(passive?predicate)

(c)?空艙費及滯期費等(adjective?qualifier)

(d)如……(adverbial?of?condition)

賣方(subject?of?the?clause)

不能裝船(predicate)

船只到達……后(adverbial?of?time)

(2)?

(a)?計算(subject?of?the?main?clause)

(b)?以……為準(passive?predicate)

(c)?由……負擔(passive?predicate)

(d)?棧租及保險費損失(adjective?qualifier)

(e)?在裝港發生的(adjective?qualifier)

(f)?如……晚于(adverbial?of?condition)

(g)?如……(adverbial?of?condition)

船只(subject?of?the?clause)

撤換、延期或退關(passive?predicate)

賣方(subject?of?passive?voice?verb)

通知(passive?predicate)

在……后第……天(adverbial?of?time)

除外(adverbial?of?condition)

(3)?

(a)?賣方(subject?of?the?sentence)

(b)?負有……之義務,并擔負……(predicate)

(c)?船只(subject?of?the?clause)

(d)?到達(predicate?of?the?clause)

(e)?……后(adverbial?of?time)

(4)?

(a)?費用(subject?of?the?sentence)

(b)?核實支付(passive?predicate)

(c)?憑……(adverbial)

漢語和英語的句法結構非常不同,翻譯時應注意選用英語的詞語和句型結構,避免逐字翻譯。而英語并非漢語譯者的母語,漢英在翻譯時比英漢更具難度(本節主要探討漢英人工翻譯句子分析的原則和技巧,故例句均為漢英翻譯),應該綜合利用各種翻譯技巧。試比較以上漢語法律條款的英譯文:

Should?the?Sellers?fail?to?load?the?goods?within?the?time?as?notified?by?the?Buyers,?on?board?the?vessel?booked?by?the?Buyers?after?its?arrival?at?the?port?of?shipment,?all?expenses?such?as?dead?freight,?demurrage,?etc.,and?consequences?thereof?shall?be?borne?by?the?Sellers.?Should?the?vessel?be?withdrawn?or?replaced?or?delayed?eventually?or?the?cargo?be?shut?out?etc.,?and?the?Sellers?are?not?informed?in?good?time?to?stop?delivery,?the?calculation?of?loss?for?storage?expenses?and?insurance?premium?thus?sustained?at?the?loading?port?shall?be?based?on?the?loading?date?notified?by?the?agent?to?the?Sellers?(or?based?on?the?date?of?the?arrival?of?the?cargo?at?the?loading?port?in?case?the?cargo?should?arrive?there?later?than?the?notified?loading?date).?The?above?mentioned?loss?to?be?calculated?from?the?16th?day?after?expiry?of?the?free?storage?time?at?port?shall?be?borne?by?the?Buyers?with?the?exception?of?Force?Majeure.?However,?the?Sellers?shall?undertake?to?load?the?cargo?immediately?upon?the?carrying?vessel's?arrival?at?the?loading?port?at?their?own?risks?and?expenses.?The?payment?of?the?aforesaid?expenses?shall?be?effected?against?presentation?of?the?original?vouchers?after?being?checked.

又如,原文為:

(1)?精神病人在不能辨認或者不能控制自己行為的時候造成危害結果,經法定程序鑒定確認的,不負刑事責任。(2)?但是應當責令他的家屬或者監護人嚴加看管和醫療;在必要的時候,由政府強制醫療。(3)?間歇性的精神病人在精神正常的時候犯罪,應當負刑事責任。……(4)?醉酒的人犯罪,應當負刑事責任。(《中華人民共和國刑法》第十八條)

上述條款有四個句子,下面來分析每個句子的組成成分:

(1)?精神病人(subject?of?the?sentence)

不負……責任(predicate)

在……時候(adverbial?of?time)

不能……(predicate?of?adverbial?clause)

造成……(predicate?of?the?clause)

(2)?家屬或者監護人(subject?of?passive?voice)

責令……(passive?predicate)

嚴加看管和醫療(complement)

(3)?精神病人(subject?of?the?sentence)

間歇性的(attribute?of?the?subject)

應當負……責任(predicate)

在……時候(adverbial?of?time)

犯罪(predicate?of?the?clause)

(4)?醉酒的人(subject?of?the?sentence)

應當負……責任(predicate)

以上漢語法律條款的英譯文為:

A?mentally?ill?person?who?causes?dangerous?consequences?at?a?time?when?he?is?unable?to?recognize?or?unable?to?control?his?own?conduct?is?not?to?bear?criminal?responsibility?after?being?established?through?accreditation?of?legal?procedures;?but?his?family?or?guardian?shall?be?ordered?to?subject?him?to?strict?surveillance?and?arrange?for?his?medical?treatment.?When?necessary,?he?will?be?given?compulsory?medical?treatment?by?the?government.?A?person?whose?mental?illness?is?of?an?intermittent?nature?shall?bear?criminal?responsibility?if?he?commits?a?crime?during?a?period?of?mental?normality...?An?intoxicated?person?who?commits?a?crime?shall?bear?criminal?responsibility. (5)

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