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第二章
漢英法律翻譯原則與翻譯單位

第一節(jié) 傳統(tǒng)法律文本翻譯原則

規(guī)范性法律文本翻譯的總體原則是法律對等。所謂法律對等,即在翻譯過程中以保持法律概念、法律規(guī)范、法律傳統(tǒng)、法律效力與法律效果等法律因素的對等為首要考慮因素,而將語言方面的對等作為次要考慮因素。當然,這并不是說語言因素不重要:如果法律詞匯和術(shù)語等基本語言因素的對等都無法保障,又談何法律對等?實際上,語言對等是實現(xiàn)法律對等的前提條件。立法文本翻譯的法律對等是一個抽象的原則,其實現(xiàn)必然在語言層次上操作,因而要堅持翻譯的準確與精確原則、一致與同一原則、簡潔清晰原則、使用術(shù)語與專業(yè)表達原則以及套用法律套語原則。翻譯的第一步一般是先分析原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu),以便更好地進行翻譯工作。無論是人工翻譯還是計算機輔助翻譯,首要步驟都是分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),以下列句子為例:

原文為:

(1)?如買方所訂船只到達裝港后,賣方不能按買方所通知的時間如期裝船時,則空艙費及滯期費等一切費用和后果均由賣方負擔。(2)?如船只因臨時撤換、延期或退關(guān)等情況而未能及時通知賣方停止發(fā)貨者,在裝港發(fā)生的棧租及保險費損失的計算,應(yīng)以代理通知之裝船日期(如貨物晚于船代理通知之裝船日期抵達裝港,應(yīng)以貨物抵港日期)為準,在港口免費堆存期滿后第16天起應(yīng)由買方負擔,人力不可抗拒的情況除外。(3)?但賣方仍負有載貨船只到達裝港后立即將貨物裝船之義務(wù)并擔負費用及風險。(4)?前述各有關(guān)費用均憑原始單據(jù)核實支付。(《國際貨物買賣合同》,2011年)

上述條款有四個句子,每個句子可拆分為以下成分:

(1)?

(a)?費用和后果(subject?of?the?main?clause)

(b)?由……負擔(passive?predicate)

(c)?空艙費及滯期費等(adjective?qualifier)

(d)如……(adverbial?of?condition)

賣方(subject?of?the?clause)

不能裝船(predicate)

船只到達……后(adverbial?of?time)

(2)?

(a)?計算(subject?of?the?main?clause)

(b)?以……為準(passive?predicate)

(c)?由……負擔(passive?predicate)

(d)?棧租及保險費損失(adjective?qualifier)

(e)?在裝港發(fā)生的(adjective?qualifier)

(f)?如……晚于(adverbial?of?condition)

(g)?如……(adverbial?of?condition)

船只(subject?of?the?clause)

撤換、延期或退關(guān)(passive?predicate)

賣方(subject?of?passive?voice?verb)

通知(passive?predicate)

在……后第……天(adverbial?of?time)

除外(adverbial?of?condition)

(3)?

(a)?賣方(subject?of?the?sentence)

(b)?負有……之義務(wù),并擔負……(predicate)

(c)?船只(subject?of?the?clause)

(d)?到達(predicate?of?the?clause)

(e)?……后(adverbial?of?time)

(4)?

(a)?費用(subject?of?the?sentence)

(b)?核實支付(passive?predicate)

(c)?憑……(adverbial)

漢語和英語的句法結(jié)構(gòu)非常不同,翻譯時應(yīng)注意選用英語的詞語和句型結(jié)構(gòu),避免逐字翻譯。而英語并非漢語譯者的母語,漢英在翻譯時比英漢更具難度(本節(jié)主要探討漢英人工翻譯句子分析的原則和技巧,故例句均為漢英翻譯),應(yīng)該綜合利用各種翻譯技巧。試比較以上漢語法律條款的英譯文:

Should?the?Sellers?fail?to?load?the?goods?within?the?time?as?notified?by?the?Buyers,?on?board?the?vessel?booked?by?the?Buyers?after?its?arrival?at?the?port?of?shipment,?all?expenses?such?as?dead?freight,?demurrage,?etc.,and?consequences?thereof?shall?be?borne?by?the?Sellers.?Should?the?vessel?be?withdrawn?or?replaced?or?delayed?eventually?or?the?cargo?be?shut?out?etc.,?and?the?Sellers?are?not?informed?in?good?time?to?stop?delivery,?the?calculation?of?loss?for?storage?expenses?and?insurance?premium?thus?sustained?at?the?loading?port?shall?be?based?on?the?loading?date?notified?by?the?agent?to?the?Sellers?(or?based?on?the?date?of?the?arrival?of?the?cargo?at?the?loading?port?in?case?the?cargo?should?arrive?there?later?than?the?notified?loading?date).?The?above?mentioned?loss?to?be?calculated?from?the?16th?day?after?expiry?of?the?free?storage?time?at?port?shall?be?borne?by?the?Buyers?with?the?exception?of?Force?Majeure.?However,?the?Sellers?shall?undertake?to?load?the?cargo?immediately?upon?the?carrying?vessel's?arrival?at?the?loading?port?at?their?own?risks?and?expenses.?The?payment?of?the?aforesaid?expenses?shall?be?effected?against?presentation?of?the?original?vouchers?after?being?checked.

又如,原文為:

(1)?精神病人在不能辨認或者不能控制自己行為的時候造成危害結(jié)果,經(jīng)法定程序鑒定確認的,不負刑事責任。(2)?但是應(yīng)當責令他的家屬或者監(jiān)護人嚴加看管和醫(yī)療;在必要的時候,由政府強制醫(yī)療。(3)?間歇性的精神病人在精神正常的時候犯罪,應(yīng)當負刑事責任。……(4)?醉酒的人犯罪,應(yīng)當負刑事責任。(《中華人民共和國刑法》第十八條)

上述條款有四個句子,下面來分析每個句子的組成成分:

(1)?精神病人(subject?of?the?sentence)

不負……責任(predicate)

在……時候(adverbial?of?time)

不能……(predicate?of?adverbial?clause)

造成……(predicate?of?the?clause)

(2)?家屬或者監(jiān)護人(subject?of?passive?voice)

責令……(passive?predicate)

嚴加看管和醫(yī)療(complement)

(3)?精神病人(subject?of?the?sentence)

間歇性的(attribute?of?the?subject)

應(yīng)當負……責任(predicate)

在……時候(adverbial?of?time)

犯罪(predicate?of?the?clause)

(4)?醉酒的人(subject?of?the?sentence)

應(yīng)當負……責任(predicate)

以上漢語法律條款的英譯文為:

A?mentally?ill?person?who?causes?dangerous?consequences?at?a?time?when?he?is?unable?to?recognize?or?unable?to?control?his?own?conduct?is?not?to?bear?criminal?responsibility?after?being?established?through?accreditation?of?legal?procedures;?but?his?family?or?guardian?shall?be?ordered?to?subject?him?to?strict?surveillance?and?arrange?for?his?medical?treatment.?When?necessary,?he?will?be?given?compulsory?medical?treatment?by?the?government.?A?person?whose?mental?illness?is?of?an?intermittent?nature?shall?bear?criminal?responsibility?if?he?commits?a?crime?during?a?period?of?mental?normality...?An?intoxicated?person?who?commits?a?crime?shall?bear?criminal?responsibility. (5)

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