- 中國與拉丁美洲:跨越“中等收入陷阱”之路
- 復旦發展研究院
- 1833字
- 2021-01-05 12:05:16
四 結論
在經歷了由中國帶來的長達十年的商品繁榮和利潤增長之后,拉美地區目前面臨著又一次的經濟放緩。這種情況迫使該地區面臨經濟多樣化的挑戰,而這意味著它們必須改變長期以來唯一的發展戰略,即依靠初級產品貿易的發展方式。這也為該地區提供了一個改變計劃重新實現經濟增長的選擇,而這些選擇大多基于創新。
事實證明創新是擺脫中等收入陷阱的高收入國家的發展動力。只有堅定決心并積極合理地建立自己的國家體系以實現創新的國家才能最終擺脫中等收入陷阱。在“隔代觀點”理論下,政策對于推進科技型基礎設施建設,將人才培養至創新活動所需的領域以及促進地方、國家和國際知識網絡的升級至關重要。拉美國家必須獲得全球市場所需要的能力和知識,參與到創新和增值活動中去,并形成致力于培養和升級人力資本以實現創新的國家共識。
由于拉丁美洲是一個多元化的地區,保證這些政策的正確升級至關重要。過去該地區在嘗試進行工業化時認為要不惜一切代價在所有部門實現工業化。每個國家的政策制定者和私營部門都應該發現他們為實現經濟增長而應當努力的領域。政府和私營企業需要盡早采取行動加強國家創新體系,這是制定各項政策的主要目標之一,同時也能全面加強公共和私營部門的競爭力。致力于生產產品和服務的公司必須利用新技術并開發出自己的核心技術,同時政府也應保證這些公司能更容易地找到資金支持和贊助來開展研發活動。政府還要分配好這些新的發展模式所帶來的收入,要謹慎地將這些收入投資于社會的各個方面。
正如中國—拉美加勒比共同體合作計劃中所證明的那樣,中國認識到了其與拉美關系的戰略性質。這位亞洲巨人也意識到,除了維持作為過去伙伴關系基石的商品貿易合作之外,還需要與拉美確立新的適合其增長的新合作領域。中國提出的這些新的工作領域包含創新和增強自身能力等多個方面,而這也是提高其全球競爭力和生產力的重要組成部分。這個機遇可能會使該地區發展到足以擺脫中等收入陷阱的水平,并最終達到高收入水平。
正如加勒特所說的那樣,中等收入國家必須找到提升自身科技水平的方式并融入全球經濟之中,這樣它們才能擺脫僅參與標準化競爭中的低端制造活動的陷阱。[33]或許拉美地區能從中國經濟發展新常態時期有所收獲。或許這代表著該地區一直期待著的新時代,一個以創新為經濟增長動力基礎的時代的到來。
西爾維婭·科爾特斯(Silvia Cortés C.)
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