(21)動詞的種類
語句的基本形式有下列五種:
〔第一形式〕Subject + Predicate
〔第二形式〕Subject + Predicate + Complement
〔第三形式〕Subject + Predicate + Object
〔第四形式〕Subject + Predicate + Indirect Object + Direct Object
〔第五形式〕Subject + Predicate + Object + Complement
以動詞為主來分類的話,就是:
動詞 |
不及物動詞 |
完全不及物動詞 |
〔 第一形式〕 |
|
不完全不及物動詞+補語 |
〔 第二形式〕 |
|||
及物動詞 |
完全及物動詞 |
+一個賓語 |
〔 第三形式〕 |
|
+兩個賓語 |
〔 第四形式〕 |
|||
不完全及物動詞+賓語+補語 |
〔第五形式〕 |
如上表所示,動詞有不及物動詞和及物動詞兩種,不及物動詞又有完全不及物動詞和不完全不及物動詞之別,及物動詞也同樣地有完全及物動詞和不完全及物動詞之別。
1. 完全不及物動詞(Complete Intransitive Verb)和不完全不及物動詞(Incomplete Intransitive Verb)
a. 完全不及物動詞
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
We sat under the shade of a tree. 我們坐在樹蔭下。
b. 不完全不及物動詞
Health is wealth. 健康即財富。
Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
2. 完全及物動詞(Complete Transitive Verb)和不完全及物動詞(Incomplete Transitive Verb)
a. 完全及物動詞(有采用一個賓語的或采用兩個賓語的)
Nobody can trust a liar. 誰也不相信撒謊者。
Waiter,bring me two eggs. 茶房,拿兩個蛋給我。
He showed me the way to the science museum. 他指示了我去科學博物院的路。
When we parted,he wished me a good journey. 當我們離別時他祝我一路平安。
上例中的 me 為 Indirect Object,而 the way 和 journey,則為 Direct Object。間接賓語常置于直接賓語之前,但如置于直接賓語之后時,就得在其前面加用一個 to 字(如動詞為 buy、get、make 等時,則加用 for)。
He sent me a photo. He sent a photo to me. |
他送我一張照片。 |
Father bought me a camera. Father bought a camera for me. |
父親買了一架照相機給我。 |
Get me the book. Get the book for me. |
拿那書給我。 |
但直接賓語如為 it 時,則口語中常將 to 略去,如:
He told it to me. He told it me. |
他告訴了我那事。 |
He gave it to me. He gave it me. |
他把那個給我了。 |
b. 不完全及物動詞(有時需要加補語)
His father made him a merchant. 父親使他成為商人。
I found the book interesting. 我覺得那書很有趣。
比較: |
I made him a present. 我送了他一件禮物。 (完全及物動詞,Dative Verb) I made him a servant. 我把他做傭人了。 (不完全及物動詞,F(xiàn)actitive Verb) |
比較: |
I found the way easy. 我覺得那方法容易。 (不完全及物動詞,easy 為補語) I found the way easily. 我很容易地懂得那方法了。 (完全及物動詞,easily 為副詞) |
c. 反身動詞(Reflexive Verb)
在動詞后面加 oneself 字樣,但意義上常不要譯出來。
I have enjoyed myself very much. 我玩得很快活。
The young man exerts himself to please his employer. 那青年勉力從事以博雇主的歡心。
He devoted himself to his work. 他獻身于工作。
He absented himself from school for that day. 他那天沒有上學。
He prides himself on his knowledge of English. 他對于他的英文頗為驕傲。
I shall avail myself of your kind offer. 我將拜領(利用)你的盛情。
I am afraid I’ve overslept myself. 我恐怕我睡得太多了。
I don’t want to overeat myself. 我不要過分地吃得太多了。
He applied himself closely to the study of French. 他孜孜不倦地在學法文。
Take care not to overwork yourself. 當心不要過勞。
How do you amuse yourself in rainy weather?下雨天你怎樣消遣的?
He shouted(talked,sang)himself hoarse. 他大聲地叫,喉嚨都叫啞了。
試比較下列用 oneself 與不用 oneself 之例句:
He associated(= kept company)with pleasant companions. 他交際愉快的朋友。
He associated himself(= entered into partnership)with that firm. 他加入那公司做股東了。
He broke off(= discontinued)the habit. 他戒斷了那種習慣。(一般的說法)
He broke himself off the habit. 他斷然地戒絕了那種習慣。(加強的說法)
Guard against(beware of)that vice. 要戒備那種惡習。
Guard yourself(= take special precautions)against that vice. 要特別注意那種惡習。
He prepared for a lesson. 他準備功課。
He prepared himself for the examination. 他孜孜努力準備應考。
3. 英文動詞大多數(shù)是不及物動詞而兼及物動詞的
They open the doors at nine. 他們九時開門。(及物)
School opens at eight o’clock. 學校八時上課。(不及物)
Bad men hide their faults. 壞人隱藏其惡。(及物)
Bats hide during the day. 蝙蝠晝伏夜出。(不及物)
He turned me out of the room. 他把我逐出室外。(及物)
He turned to me and spoke. 他轉向我說。(不及物)
He feeds the horse with grass. 他以草飼馬。(及物)
Many people feed on rice. 多數(shù)人以米為生。(不及物)
He spread his garment. 他鋪開他的衣。(及物)
The mist spread over the earth. 地上滿籠著霧。(不及物)
He closed the business. 他歇業(yè)了。(及物)
The day closed at six p. m. 天在六時斷黑。(不及物)
The wind dispersed the clouds. 風吹云散。(及物)
The clouds have dispersed from the sky. 云從天散。(不及物)
那些只限于作不及物動詞用的動詞,例如:be、come、go、become、fall 等,是沒有被動語態(tài)(Passive Voice)的。
4. 不及物動詞作及物動詞用的場合
a. 采用同源的名詞作賓語的,即 Cognate Verb,其賓語就稱為 Cognate Object。
He died a sad death. 他死得慘。
He lived a long life. 他命很長。
He preyed an earnest prayer. 誠心祈禱。
He slept a sound sleep. 熟睡。
He dreamed a pleasant dream. 做了一個愉快的夢。
He sighed a deep sigh. 長嘆了一聲。
He laughed a hearty laugh. 開心地笑了。
It is blowing a gale. 刮大風。
He struck a hard blow. 重擊一下。
He fought a good battle. 打了一場好仗。
He ran a race. 他賽跑了。
He shouted his loudest(shout). 他大聲吶喊。
He fought his best(fight). 他竭力奮斗了一場。
She sang her sweetest(song). 她唱了她最拿手的歌。
He ran his fastest(run). 他最快地跑了。
He breathed his last(breath). 他呼出了最后一口氣。
b. 不及物動詞用作使動(to cause)之意的。
He boils the water.(= He causes the water to boil.)他燒開水。(及物)
Cf. Water boils. 水沸。(不及物)
He grows wheat in the field. 他種小麥。(及物)
Cf. Wheat does not grow in Taiwan. 臺灣不長小麥。(不及物)
He flew the kite. 他放風箏。(及物)
Cf. The kite flew in the air. 風箏飛上天。(不及物)
c. 不及物動詞與介詞同用時,便有及物動詞的意味。這又稱為 Prepositional Verb。例如:
The boys laughed at him. 孩子們笑他。
Please look after my little boy in my absence. 我不在家時請照顧我的小孩。
Have you sent for the doctor?你已經(jīng)去請醫(yī)生了嗎?
5. 及物動詞作不及物動詞用的場合
a. 用作一般意義(general sense)的
The cat can see in the dark. 貓能在暗中看見。(不及物)
Cf. I can see nothing. 我什么也看不見。(及物)
We eat in order to live. 為生而食。(不及物)
Cf. I ate some beef at supper.晚餐吃了牛肉。(及物)
Man can speak. 人能說話。(不及物)
Cf. He can speak English very well. 他能說一口好英文。(及物)
He can neither read nor write. 他既不能讀,也不能寫。(不及物)
Cf. He is reading a novel while I am writing a letter. 他讀小說我寫信。(及物)
b. 及物動詞用作不及物動詞而具有被動意義(passive sense)的
This fruit tastes sweet.(= It is sweet when it is tasted.)此果甚甜。(不及物)
Cf. Have you tasted the fruit?你嘗了那水果么?(及物)
The flower smelled fragrant. 此花甚香。(不及物)
Cf. The girl smelled the flower. 少女嗅花。(及物)
The article reads well. 那文章很好讀。(不及物)
Cf. I shall read the article. 我將讀那文章。(及物)
A villa is building.(= is being built)一座別墅在建筑中。(不及物)
Cf. They are building a villa. 他們在建筑別墅。(及物)
The guns are firing. 在放大炮。(不及物)
Cf. They are firing the guns. 他們在放大炮。(及物)
The book is printing. 那書在印刷中。(不及物)
Cf. They are printing the book. 他們在印那書。(及物)
c. 及物動詞加副詞作不及物動詞用的
He made off(= ran away)with the money. 他卷款潛逃。
He set out(= started)at 4 p. m. 他下午四時出發(fā)了。
He turned out(= became)a prosperous merchant. 他變成一個富裕的商人了。
He got off(= escaped)unharmed. 他平安逃出。
He pushed on(= hurried forward)as fast as he could. 他盡速地前進。
Cholera has broken out(= suddenly appeared). 發(fā)生了霍亂。
He gave in(= yielded)after a short struggle. 掙扎了一下他就屈服了。