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(22)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)之時(shí)的動(dòng)詞的形式,就叫作時(shí)態(tài)(Tense)。在英語中一共有十二種不同的時(shí)態(tài),如下表:

Primary Tenses

(常態(tài))

Progressive

(進(jìn)行)

Perfect

(完成)

Perfect Progressive

(完成進(jìn)行)

Present

(現(xiàn)在)

I do

I am doing

I have done

I have been doing

Past

(過去)

I did

I was doing

I had done

I had been doing

Future

(將來)

I shall do

I shall be doing

I shall have done

I shall have been doing

但動(dòng)詞 to be,是沒有進(jìn)行式和 Passive 的,現(xiàn)將其時(shí)態(tài)及三種人稱舉出如下:

(單數(shù))

(復(fù)數(shù))

Primary
Tenses
(常態(tài))

Present
(現(xiàn)在)

(第一人稱)I am

(第二人稱)You are

(第三人稱)He is

We are

You are

They are

Past
(過去)

(第一人稱)I was

(第二人稱)You were

(第三人稱)He was

We were

You were

They were

Future
(將來)

(第一人稱)I shall be

(第二人稱)You will be

(第三人稱)He will be

We shall be

You will be

They will be

Perfect
Tenses
(完成)

Present
(現(xiàn)在)

(第一人稱)I have been

(第二人稱)You have been

(第三人稱)He has been

We have been

You have been

They have been

Past
(過去)

(第一人稱)I had been

(第二人稱)You had been

(第三人稱)He had been

We had been

You had been

They had been

Future
(將來)

(第一人稱)I shall have been

(第二人稱)You will have been

(第三人稱)He will have been

We shall have been

You will have been

They will have been

1. PRESENT(現(xiàn)在)

①Present Tense 是用 Verb 的 Root-form(原形),不過在第三人稱單數(shù)的時(shí)候,要加 s 或 es。

The flowers fall. 花落。

He goes to school. 他上學(xué)。

②Present Tense 的用法。

a. 表示現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作(present action)。

I see a ship in the distance. 我看見遠(yuǎn)處有一只船。

〔注〕表示現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,多用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。

b. 表示習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作(habitual action)。

I always play baseball in the afternoon. 我常在下午打棒球。(個(gè)人的習(xí)慣)

He keeps his promise. 他是守約的。(人格)

He deals in earthenwares. 他做陶器生意。(職業(yè))

c. 表示一般的真理(general truth)。

The sun shines by day and the moon by night. 白天有陽光照耀夜里有月光照亮。

d. 代替將來時(shí)(Future Tense)用。常在 go,come,leave,start 等動(dòng)詞連有未來的副詞時(shí)。

The steamer leaves here tomorrow. 輪船明日離此。

e. 在以 if、when、while、before、after、till 等連詞引導(dǎo)的條件句,或表時(shí)的副詞從句中,以現(xiàn)在代未來。

We shall not go out if it rains tomorrow. 明天下雨的話,我們就不出去。

Please wait till I come back. 請(qǐng)等我回來。

〔注一〕如果這個(gè)副詞從句是表示“意志”的話,仍然要用 will。即“I shall be glad if you will do so. ”(如果你肯這樣做,我就高興了)。

〔注二〕如果不是副詞從句,而是名詞從句時(shí),也仍然要用將來的時(shí)態(tài),即“Let us inquire if he will go today. ”(問問他今天是不是要去)。

f. 代替過去時(shí)(Past Tense)用。這是要使讀者產(chǎn)生活生生的感覺,故用現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞,仿佛目前發(fā)生的事情一樣。又稱歷史現(xiàn)在時(shí)(Historical Present)。

Caesar leaves Gaul,crosses the Rubicon,and enters Italy with 5,000 men. 愷撒率五千之眾,由高盧出發(fā),渡過瀘河,進(jìn)入了意大利。

g. 代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(Present Perfect)用。

I hear(= have heard)she is going to marry. 聽說她要結(jié)婚了。

I read(= have read)in the newspapers that he has been elected Mayor of Tainan. 我在報(bào)上看到他被選為臺(tái)南市長了。

2. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行)

① 表示正在進(jìn)行中的事。

He is now teaching English in the next room. 他現(xiàn)正在隔壁的教室教著英文。

〔比較〕He teaches English in that school. 他在那個(gè)學(xué)校教英文(用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示他的職業(yè))。

② 與未來的副詞同用,表示未來及預(yù)定之意。常用 go、come、leave、start、stay 等動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)。

He is going(= will go)to America next month. 他下月赴美。

Are you staying(= Will you stay)here till next week?你將停留到下星期才走吧?

比較:

I go to school every day.(習(xí)慣的行動(dòng))

I am going to school now.(動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行中)

I am going to school now.(動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行中)

③ 用 to be going + Infinitive 的形式,表示最近未來想要做的事。

I am going to start for Europe. 我正打算動(dòng)身到歐洲去。

I am just going to advise him to go out for a walk. 我正預(yù)備勸他出去散步一回。

比較:

He writes well. 他文章寫得好。(現(xiàn)在)

He is writing a letter. 他正在寫信。(進(jìn)行的現(xiàn)在)

He is writing a letter. 他正在寫信。(進(jìn)行的現(xiàn)在)

④ 用 Present Tense 來表示現(xiàn)在正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。因?yàn)?have、resemble、like、see、hear、remember、need、understand、possess、belong 等詞,是沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)的。“我有錢”,只消說“I have money. ”就行了,不可以說“I am having money. ”“我只認(rèn)識(shí)他的面孔”應(yīng)說“I know him only by sight. ”不可說“I am knowing him only by sight. ”其他如“He has a good constitution. ”(他體格很好。)“He closely resembles his father.”(他很像他父親。)也都是如此。試比較下列各句:

I see something white in the distance.

I am looking at the sky.

I hear him singing.

He is listening to the music.

He has no money with him now.

They are having a jolly time.

We are having a terrible hot summer.

He is having his supper.

〔注一〕因 see 無進(jìn)行時(shí),要表示正在看,只能說 be looking at。同樣地要用 be listening to 代替 hear。

〔注二〕動(dòng)詞 have 作“有”解時(shí),沒有進(jìn)行式,用作進(jìn)行式時(shí)必另有含義,如 have jolly time(玩得很快樂),have a terrible hot summer(今夏酷熱),have one’s supper(在吃晚飯)等。

3. PAST(過去)

① 表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

We met him at the station.(動(dòng)作)

We were there all summer.(狀態(tài))

② 表示過去一種習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作。

He used to sit every day under that tree. 他從前老是每天坐在那棵樹下。

He would spend whole hours in examining its various parts. 他老是要花好幾個(gè)鐘頭來檢查各部分。

〔注〕以 would 表過去的習(xí)慣時(shí),多與 often、sometimes 等副詞同用。

4. PAST PROGRESSIVE(過去進(jìn)行)

表示過去某個(gè)指定的時(shí)候所發(fā)生的進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作。

Once two men were traveling together. 從前有兩個(gè)男子正在一塊兒旅行中。

I was reading a novel when you came. 你來時(shí)我正在讀著一本小說。

5. FUTURE(未來)

表示未來有下列種種形式。

I shall go to Tainan.

I am going to Tainan.

I am going to leave Taipei.

I am about to leave Taipei.

I am to go to Tainan.

6. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE(將來進(jìn)行)

表示未來某個(gè)指定的時(shí)候?qū)l(fā)生的進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作。

He is much interested in reading that book. He will be still reading it if you look in at his room.

他對(duì)那本書很感興趣。你到他房里去看看,他仍然還抱著那本書在讀著。

7. PRESENT PERFECT(現(xiàn)在完成)

現(xiàn)在完成有下列種種用法。

①表示到目下剛完成的事。

I have just written this letter. 我剛把這信寫完了。

②表示動(dòng)作已完,其結(jié)果則成為現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)。

He has gone to Taipei.(= He is not here. He is in Taipei now.)他到臺(tái)北去了。

③表示過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

I have seen him before. 我以前見到過他。

④表示繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在為止的狀態(tài)。

He has been ill since last Monday. 他自上星期一以來就生病了。

8. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE(現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行)

表示從過去到現(xiàn)在,也許還要繼續(xù)到將來的動(dòng)作。

What have you been doing all this while?你這一晌在做些什么呀?

I have been studying English for five years.(繼續(xù))

I have studied English for five years.(經(jīng)驗(yàn))

〔注〕have been studying 表示過去學(xué)了,現(xiàn)在正在學(xué),將來還要學(xué)。

9. PAST PERFECT(過去完成)

表示過去某個(gè)指定的時(shí)候以前所發(fā)生的事。

They had known each other before they got married. 他們?cè)诮Y(jié)婚以前早就相知有素了。

比較:

1. He borrowed the book and returned it.

2. He returned the book that he had borrowed.

〔注〕如第一句,照動(dòng)作的順序排列,即先借后還,就可用 Past,但如第二句,把順序顛倒,即先說還再說借時(shí),就得用 Past Perfect 了,had borrowed 是表示在 returned 以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

10. PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE(過去完成進(jìn)行)

表示某動(dòng)作繼續(xù)到過去的某個(gè)時(shí)候?yàn)橹埂?/p>

I had been waiting about an hour when he came. 我等待了差不多一個(gè)鐘頭他才來。

I had been studying English before I went to bed. 我在就寢以前讀了英文。

11. FUTURE PERFECT(將來完成)

表示到未來某個(gè)時(shí)候?yàn)橹挂呀?jīng)會(huì)做好了的事。

I shall have finished it by the time school begins. 在上課以前我就會(huì)把它做好的。

注意:在 Adverb Clause 中應(yīng)以 Present Perfect 來代替 Future Perfect,如 Wait till I have finished eating.(等我吃完飯?jiān)僬f。)

12. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE(將來完成進(jìn)行)

表示繼續(xù)到未來某個(gè)時(shí)候?yàn)橹咕鸵瓿傻氖隆?/p>

He will have been teaching in this school full ten years(by)next July. 到明年七月,他就在本校足足教了十年的書了。

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