(8)語句的變換
語句在構造上有單句、復句和并列句之分,不過這些不同的句式,完全是屬于語法上的,與意義無關。同一種意義,可以用好幾種句式表示出來,說明盡管不同,意思可以不變。為求徹底明了這三種句式的構成起見,我們不妨試將句式變換,例如將復句改為單句,將并列句改為單句,或將復句改為并列句。對于語句的各種構造運用自如之后,寫作時就不會有何困難了。
1. 由復句改成單句
A. 將名詞從句換用其他單詞或短語的
① |
告訴我你出生的時間和地點。 Tell me when and where you were born.(復句) Tell me the time and place of your birth.(單句) |
② |
我們不能相信他說的話。 We can place no confidence in whatever he says.(復句) We can place no confidence in any of his words.(單句) |
③ |
我一定可以使你滿足。 I am certain that I shall give you satisfaction.(復句) I am certain of giving you satisfaction.(單句) |
④ |
我很高興聽見你回來了。 I was glad to hear that you had come back.(復句) I was glad to hear of your having come back.(單句) |
⑤ |
我確信他會成功。 I am sure that he will succeed.(復句) He is sure to succeed.(單句) |
⑥ |
一般相信他是肺病死的。 It is generally believed that he has died of consumption.(復句) He is generally believed to have died of consumption.(單句) |
B. 將形容詞從句換用其他單詞或短語的
① |
我們現在住的這房子對我們很適合。 The house in which we live at present suits us exactly.(復句) Our present house suits us exactly.(單句) |
② |
他們的說明不可靠。 The explanation they gave cannot be true.(復句) Their explanation cannot be true.(單句) |
③ |
他給了我一張他自己畫的畫。 He gave me a picture which he had drawn.(復句) He gave me a picture of his own drawing.(單句) |
④ |
他不是一個說謊的人。 He is not a man who tells a lie.(復句) He is not a man to tell a lie.(單句) |
⑤ |
那是一個不可寬恕的過失。 That was a fault which should not be forgiven.(復句) That was a fault not to be forgiven.(單句) |
C. 將副詞從句換用其他單詞或短語的
① |
他們聽到他的自白非常驚異。 They were much surprised when they heard him confess.(復句) They were much surprised to hear him confess.(單句) |
② |
因屢次失敗所以他就不再試了。 As he had made many failures,he made no further attempt.(復句) Owing to repeated failures,he made no further attempt.(單句) |
③ |
那少年很誠實不肯撒謊。 The boy is so honest that he cannot tell a lie.(復句) The boy is too honest to tell a lie.(單句) |
④ |
他工作如此優秀使大家為之吃驚。 He worked so well that every one was astonished.(復句) He worked very well,to the astonishment of everyone.(單句) |
⑤ |
為求生活舒服他努力工作了。 He worked hard that he might live in comfort.(復句) He worked hard for the purpose of living in comfort.(單句) |
⑥ |
他夜里動身以免被人看見。 He started by night for fear he might be seen by any one.(復句) He started by night to escape being seen by any one.(單句) |
⑦ |
如果我能助你,我很高興。 I should be very glad if I could help you.(復句) I should be very glad to be able to help you.(單句) |
⑧ |
如果沒有了水,什么都不能生存。 If there were no water,nothing could live.(復句) Without water,nothing could live.(單句) |
⑨ |
他雖富有,但不滿足。 Though he is rich,he is never contented.(復句) In spite of all his riches,he is never contented.(單句) |
⑩ |
盡管他有很多的經驗,他仍然是無能。 Though he has much experience,he is still incompetent.(復句) For all his experience,he is still incompetent.(單句) |
? |
那棟屋子和其緊鄰一樣高。 That house is as high as the next one.(復句) The height of that house equals that of the next one.(單句) |
? |
地勢愈高,空氣愈冷。 The higher the ground,the cooler the air.(復句) The air becomes cooler in proportion to the height of the ground.(單句) |
? |
他完全照著指示地做了。 He acted precisely as he was instructed.(復句) He acted precisely according to instructions.(單句) |
? |
種瓜得瓜,種豆得豆。 As you sow,so you will mow.(復句) The harvest will depend upon the sowing.(單句) |
? |
吃完了飯,他們又出發了。 When they had finished their dinner,they started off again.(復句) Having finished their dinner,they started off again.(單句) |
? |
她把一切都準備好,只等他回來。 She made everything ready before he arrived.(復句) She made everything ready previous to his arrival.(單句) |
? |
我將留此,等他到來。 I shall stay here till he arrives.(復句) I shall stay here till his arrival.(單句) |
2. 由并列句改成單句
A. 用 Participle 的
① |
太陽出來,霧就散了。 The sun rose and the fog dispersed.(并列句) The sun having risen,the fog dispersed.(單句) |
② |
強盜一見警察就逃走了。 The robber saw the policeman and took to his heels.(并列句) Seeing the policeman,the robber took to his heels.(單句) |
B. 用 Preposition 的
① |
他身體不好不能工作。 He was in bad health,and so he could not work.(并列句) Owing to bad health,he could not work.(單句) |
② |
他不但允諾而且實行了。 He not only made a promise,but kept it.(并列句) Besides making a promise,he kept it.(單句) |
C. 用 Infinitive 的
① |
我雖用了功,卻未考取。 I worked hard,but failed.(并列句) I worked hard only to fail.(單句) |
3. 由復句改成并列句
① |
他雖窮,但很誠實。 He is honest,though poor.(復句) He is poor,but honest.(并列句) |
② |
時間一到燈就熄了。 As soon as the clock struck the hour,the lights were put out.(復句) The clock struck the hour,and the lights were put out at once.(并列句) |
③ |
撳鈴即響。 If you press the button,the bell will ring.(復句) Press the button,and the bell will ring.(并列句) |
④ |
你要吵鬧,我就罰你。 Unless you keep quiet,I will punish you.(復句) Keep quiet,or I will punish you.(并列句) |