（3）用復(fù)句來翻譯

所謂復(fù)句，英文叫作Complex Sentence，是由兩個或兩個以上的獨立子句所構(gòu)成的。構(gòu)成合句的子句一定是對立的，而構(gòu)成復(fù)句的子句，其中只有一個是主要子句（Principal Clause），其余的都是附屬子句（Dependent Clause）。在復(fù)句中所用的連詞，不是對等連詞，而是不對等連詞（Subordinate Conjunction）。這種不對等連詞，多半是放在附屬子句前面的。

依照外形分類，不對等連詞可分為下列四種：

（一）單純連詞（Simple Conjunction）：as，if，than，that，though，lest，when，since，while，etc.

（二）復(fù)合連詞（Compound Conjunction）：although，because，unless，whereas，etc.

（三）關(guān)聯(lián)連詞（Correlative Conjunction）：as……as，as……so，so……as，so……that，whether……or，etc.

（四）片語連詞（Phrase Conjunction）：as soon as，as（or so）long as，as if，as though，in case，in order that，in that，for fear（that），the moment，etc.

英文連詞常用其他詞類來充任，如：

1. 名詞：Next time I see you，I will lend you the book.（下次我看見你的時候，我就把那本書借給你。）

I’ll tell him the moment he gets in.（他一來我就告訴他。）

2. 代名詞：Whichever you choose，I’ll give it to you.（隨便你選擇哪一個，我都可以給你。）

3. 動詞：Suppose I were going away，should you be sorry？（我如離去，你會覺得難過嗎？）

4. 副詞：Now（that）you are here，you’d better stay.（既來之，則安之。）

5. 介詞：You will not have better health without you take better care of yourself.（你要是不更加講究衛(wèi)生，你就不會有更好的健康。）

For all（that）you say，I still like him.（不管你怎樣說，我還是喜歡他。）

用介詞without作連詞，是古文或方言的用法，現(xiàn)代英文，多用unless.

依照內(nèi)容分類，不對等連詞可分為下列三種：

（一）用于形容詞子句的：who，whose，whom，that，which，when，where，why，etc.

（二）用于副詞子句的：

1. 時間：before，after，as，since，till，until，when，while，as soon as，as（or so）long as，no sooner……than，scarcely（or hardly）……when，etc.

2. 地點：where，whence，whither，wherever，etc.

3. 方式：as，as if，as though，etc.

4. 比較：as，when，the，than，etc.

5. 原因：as，because，since，etc.

6. 目的：that，so that，in order that，lest，for fear，etc.

7. 結(jié)果：that，so that，so（or such）……that，so……but that，etc.

8. 條件：if，unless，provided（that），in case（that），on condition（that），in the event（that），supposing（that），suppose（that），etc.

9. 讓步：although，though，as，if，even if，notwithstanding（that），whether，etc.

（三）用于名詞子句的that，whether，if，who，which，how，when，where，why，etc.

（一）用于形容詞子句的譯例

敬人者人恒敬之。

He who respects others is constantly respected.

昨天我們在戲院里遇見的那人是我的老師。

The man whom we met in the theatre yesterday is my teacher.

作品獲獎的女孩是全班中年紀最小的。

The girl whose work got the prize is the youngest in the class.

我現(xiàn)在寫的這封信是一封英文信。

The letter that I am writing is an English letter.

這就是我所選定的書。

This is the book which I chose.

禮拜天是我最清閑的時候。

Sunday is the day when I am least busy.

我不知道你到底要到哪里去。

I don’t know the exact place where you want to go.

那就是我喜歡讀中文的理由。

That is the reason why I like to study Chinese.

他在英國時，專門從事古堡的研究。

While he was staying in England，he made a study of old castles.

三尺童子無不識之。

There is no child but knows him（ = who does not know him）.

人孰無過。

No man but errs（ = who does not err）.

彼縱下愚，猶能知此。

He is not such a fool but that he knows it.

彼雖下愚，尚不至認敵為友。

He is not such a fool but what（ = but that）he can tell a friend from a foe.

（二）用于副詞子句的譯例

1. 時間：

你買東西，非錢不可。

When you buy things，you must have money.

你不肯聽我怎能對你說明呢？

How can I explain it to you when you won’t listen？

有生命就有希望。

While there is life，there is hope.

當(dāng)我生病的時候，他代替了我的位置。

He took my place while I was ill.

在我寫這個的時候，你可以做點別的事情。

While I am writing this，you can be doing something else.

他還沒有到我就離開了。

I left before he arrived.

我離開了以后他才到來。

He arrived after I left.

我沒等待好久他就來了。

I had not waited long before he arrived.

等雨停了再說。

Let’s wait until（or till）the rain stops.

我到新加坡差不多五年了。

It is almost five years since I came to Singapore.

我正要走的時候他回家來了。

He returned home as I was leaving.

一息尚存，奮斗到底。

So long as I live，I must fight it out.

你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)很大了，應(yīng)該學(xué)點禮貌。

Now（that）（ = As）you are a big boy，you must behave better.

我一做完就發(fā)現(xiàn)錯了。

Immediately（或Directly或The moment）（ = As soon as）I had done it，I knew I had made a mistake.

他一見到那個，就動身回家去了。

He started back home as soon as he saw it.

He had no sooner seen it than he started back home.

He had scarcely seen it when he started back home.

He had hardly seen it before he started back home.

2. 地點：

精神一到，何事不成。（有志竟成。）

Where there is a will，there is a way.

誰也不去的地方，他也不喜歡去。

He does not like to go where nobody is going.（Lynd）

誰也不曉得她是從何處來的。

No one knows whence she came.

他隨遇而安。

He will be happy wherever he lives.

無論何處有口角，總有他在場。

Wherever there is a quarrel，there he is sure to be.

3. 方式：

入鄉(xiāng)問俗。

When in Rome，do as the Romans do.

他說英語好像他父親一樣。

He speaks English as his father does.

我就是這樣去（不換衣服）。

I’ll go just as I am.

他的行動好像很怕的樣子。

He acted just as if（or as though）he were afraid.

他對待我好像對待下屬一樣。

He treats me as if I were his subordinate.

種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆。（因果報應(yīng)，絲毫不爽）。

As yon sow，so you shall reap.（Proverb）

有其父必有其子。

As is the father，so is the son.

珊瑚非樹，猶鯨非魚。

Just as a coral grove is not a tree，so a whale is not a fish.

4. 比較：

那太太和她丈夫一樣高。

The wife is as tall as the husband（is）.

太太沒有丈夫高。

The wife is not so tall as the husband（is）.

她比她丈夫高。

She is taller than her husband（is）.

他像他妹妹一樣親切。

He is as kind as his sister（is）.

他又誠實又親切。

He is as kind as（he is）honest.

他妹妹誠實，而他就親切。

He is as kind as his sister is honest.

他像死人一樣。

He is as good as dead.

她與其說是漂亮，不如說是可愛。

She is more attractive than pretty.

與其說他不好交際，不如說他羞怯。

He is more shy than unsocial.（ = He is shy rather than unsocial.）

與其說他是活著，不如說他是死了。

He was more dead than alive.

我們登得越高，氣候越冷。

The higher up we go，the colder it becomes.

多多益善。

The more，the better.

越近骨頭的肉，味道越美。

The nearer the bone，the sweeter the meat.

欲速則不達。

More haste，worse speed.

他半閉著眼睛，好像在回想什么。

He half-closed his eyes as though trying to recall something.

他說英語好像說自己的母語一樣地熟練。

He can speak English with the same ease as if it were his mother tongue.

我現(xiàn)在確信眼下這個樣子最好。

I am now quite certain that things are for the best as they are.

她聰明的程度遠不及他的邪惡。

She was not nearly so clever as he was wicked.

你說你只有幾本書，但你這兒的書就比我的要多上五倍。

You said you had a few books；but there must be five times as many here as I have.（Gissing）

我們必須接受事物的現(xiàn)狀。

We must take things as we find them in the world.

他有一點過分愛好杯中物，正如水手們常有的現(xiàn)象。

As is often the case with sailors，he was a little too fond of liquors.

有急流一般的大的澎湃的聲音。

There was a loud roaring as of rushing waters.

5. 原因：

因為我們沒有錢，所以用不著去想度假的事。

Since we have no money，it is no good thinking about a holiday.

既然你要去，我就陪你去吧。

Since（或As）you are going，I will accompany you.

因為他誠實，所以大家都喜歡他。

He is beloved of all because he is honest.（原因）

Cf. He must be honest，for he is beloved of all.（理由）

合句用for，復(fù)句用because，但for不用于會話體（conversational style），例如：“They ate their food uncooked，for the use of fire was unknown.”一句，到會話中則變成“Why did they eat their food uncooked？”“Because the use of fire was unknown.”不可用for.

因為下雨，我就沒有出門。

I did not go out because it rained.

在否定后接用的because如作though解，翻譯時絕無問題，如You should not despise a man because he is poor. 譯為“雖則他窮，你也不要輕蔑他。”或譯為“不要因別人窮就輕蔑他。”都是一樣，錯不了的。但如遇到不作though解的否定后接的because，就得特別當(dāng)心了。因為它可能有兩種解釋，例如：I didn’t go because I was afraid. = （1）I didn’t go，and the reason was fear.（我怕所以我沒有去。） = （2）I went，but the reason was not fear.（我不是因為怕才去的。）一義說“去了”，另一義說“沒有去”，竟發(fā)生完全相反的含義了。

因為他成績好，所以薪水高。

He was well paid，as he had done the work well.

你疲倦了，最好去休息吧。

As you are tired，you had better rest.

6. 目的：

他們因為怕趕不上火車，急急忙忙地走了。

They hurried that（或so that，in order that）they might not（說話時美國常用wouldn’t）miss the train.

要想動手搞另外的，你就得先把這個做完。

Finish this that（或so that，in order that）you can start another.

當(dāng)心以免從樹上掉下來。

Be careful lest（或for fear 〔that〕）you should fall from the tree.（lest用于寫作，說話時則用for fear）。

為著要去早晨的新鮮空氣中把那問題仔細考慮一番，所以我出外散步了。

I went out for a walk，so that I might think the matter over in the fresh morning air.

為節(jié)省時間，隊長親自裝上了馬鞍。

The captain，in order that there might be no time lost，saddled his horse himself.

我們通常只是為求得別人的稱贊而稱贊別人。

We usually praise others only that we may be praised.

7. 結(jié)果：

我太疲倦，隨即上床去睡了。

I was so tired that I went to bed at once.

那使他大為震驚，登時臉都白了。

It gave him such a shock that his face turned white.

他是那樣的一個撒謊者，所以沒有人喜歡他。

He is such a liar that no one likes him.

那是一個非常愚笨的計劃，誰也不贊成。

It was a plan so stupid that no one approved of it.

我們經(jīng)過長時間一直走得很快，所以十分疲倦了。

We walked very fast for a long time，so that we got quite tired.

他去得很早，所以占了一個好位子。

He went early so he got a good seat.

他說得那般清楚，我們每個字都聽得見。

He spoke so clearly that we could hear every word.

你站近些使我可以看清楚你的面孔。

Draw nearer so that I can see your face.

她說的話那般有趣，使我既不知道也未注意時間的流逝。

She interested me so much that I neither knew nor heeled how time passed.（Caskell，Cranford）

我微不足道，無可效勞。

I am such a tiny thing that I am little use to you.

沒有一個人老得不能學(xué)的。

No man is so old but that he may learn.（However old a man may be，he may learn.）

無論怎樣的難事久練自易。

Nothing is so hard but that it becomes easy by practice.

不雨則已，雨必滂沱。（重重不幸，禍每兩臨。）

It never rains but it pours.（ = It never rains without pouring.）

裁判雖屬公平，仍然有人不服。

Justice is never done but some people will be found to complain.

一定有事要發(fā)生的。

It can not be but that something will happen.（ = Something must happen.）

人誰能免于過失。

It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes.

8. 條件：

你如果明天有空，請來我家坐坐。

If（you are）free tomorrow，please come to see me.

只要你一年內(nèi)還我，我是可以把那筆錢借給你的。

I don’t mind lending you the money provided（that）you pay it back within a year.

你要不是一個完全的笨蛋，你就不會那樣對待你叔叔的。

Unless you are a perfect fool you will behave properly to your uncle.

只要有二十個人肯捐一百元，我也就照捐不誤。

I will subscribe a hundred provided twenty others will do the same.

即令發(fā)生最壞的情形，至少她也就有一個安全的地方可作退步的。

At least there will be a retreat secured for her in case the worst should ensue.（Thackeray，Vanity Fair）

非我喝酒，他不罷休。

Nothing will content him but I must drink.

若非貧窮，我是決意要出洋去的。

I would go abroad but that（ = but for the fact that）I am poor.（but for my poverty.）

無論如何必須達到我的目的。（不達目的，事必棘手。）

It shall go hard but（ = unless）I will accomplish my purpose.

9. 讓步：

雖則天氣很冷，他并沒有升火。

（Al）though it was cold，he did not light the fire.

不問他成敗如何，我們都要盡力幫忙。

Whether he succeed（s）or fail（s），we should have to do our best.

即令他窮，他看去很快樂。

If he is poor，he looks happy.（if = even if）

哪怕我有錢，我也要工作。

Even if I were rich，I would work.

姑認這是真的，又將怎樣？

Granting（或Granted）that this is true，what follows？

天雖則黑了，我們還是找到了回家的路。

Dark as it was（ = Though it was so dark），we found our way back.（注意as前如用名詞，也要將冠詞略去，如Poor piper as I am. = Though I am a poor piper.）

他雖然嚇壞了，但并沒有倒下。

Startled though he was，he did not lose his balance.

糖雖是一種主要的食料，我們卻不能以之為生。

Important as sugar is as an article of food，we cannot live upon it.

哪怕犧牲性命，他也要干到底的。

He will go through with it if it costs him his life.

即令你向他提出，他也不會接受的。

Even if you offer it to him，he won’t accept it.

他雖有時感受風(fēng)寒，然其身體極為強健。

He is extremely strong—not but that（ = though）he will catch a cold at times.

（三）用于名詞子句的譯例

他曾到此是確實的。

That he was here is true.

Cf. It is true that he was here.（副詞子句）

我想他在城里。

I think（that）he is in town.

他說他要來的。

He said（that）he would come.

你不能來使我感到遺憾。

I am sorry（that）you can’t come.

不曉得他在不在家。

I wonder if（或whether）he is at home（or not）.

我相信他說的不錯，而到現(xiàn)在為止誰也沒有講過這島上的狀況。

I believe（that）he was really right，and that nobody had told the situation of the island.（Stevenson）

我不知道我能不能進大學(xué)。

I don’t know whether I shall be able to go to college or not.

問他是不是到動身的時候了。

Ask him if it is time to start.

我不清楚是他要打梅先生呢，還是梅先生要打他。

I am not clear whether he was going to strike Mr. Mell，or Mr. Mell was going to strike him.（Dickens，David Copperfield）

他問我是不是有什么要他做的事情。

He asked me if I had any business he could arrange for me.

他一再地問我在那里我是不是有什么事情要辦。

He repeated the inquiry if I had any business there.

他做出這樣的愚行來真是遺憾。

It is to be regretted that he should have committed this foolish act.

他完全相信他父親會替他還債的。

He had a perfect belief that his father would pay his debt for him.

誰是下屆美國總統(tǒng)尚未決定。

Who will be the president of the U. S. A. next time is undecided.

我問你在這三者之中最喜歡哪一個。

I ask you which of the three you like best.

我要用你所喜歡的名字來叫你。

I will name you what you like.

我不知道他怎樣完成那工作的。

I know nothing as to how he has finished his work.

他要何時回家，連他太太都不知道。

When he will come home is not known to his wife.

我要把這個送給任何需要它的人。

I will give this to whoever wants it.

聽說他要來，我們都高興。

The news，that he will come，gives us much pleasure.

我確信他必成功。

I do not doubt（but）that he will succeed.（這個來自法蘭西語的否定后的but是無意義的，下同。）

我不否認他是勤快的。

I do not deny（but）that he is diligent.

他的年輕并不妨礙他教書。

His youth hinders not but that he may teach.（ = His youth does not hinder him from teaching.）

沒有什么事可以妨礙我完成目的的。

Nothing shall hinder but that I will accomplish my purpose.（ = Nothing shall hinder me from accomplishing my purpose.）

或者如此，亦未可知。

Who knows but it may be so？

習(xí)題8

試用英文復(fù)句譯出下列各句：

1. 我們都曉得時間就是金錢。

2. 我不知道這是真的還是假的。

3. 這就是昨天對我狂吠的那條狗。

4. 我亟想知道他這個時候在不在家。

5. 自從他去年離開這里以來我還沒有見到過他。

6. 他說話的神氣就好像什么都懂得似的。

7. 你越用功，進步越快。

8. 你既然這樣講，我就得相信呀。

9. 我們讀書是為了求知。

10. 我打開窗子邀明月進來。

11. 他太狡猾所以沒有人和他做朋友。

12. 豹死留皮，人死留名。

13. 如果合算的話，我就接受那個工作。

14. 沒有人比不要聽的人更聾的了。

15. 如果你是上等人，你就要像個上等人的樣子。

16. 聽來也許覺得奇怪，我太有錢反買不起它。

17. 我并不羨慕他富有，那使他非常煩惱。

18. 憂愁使他變成這個樣子。

19. 在我們愉快地玩著的時候，時間過得很快。

20. 沒有互敬是不能有友誼的。