（2）用合句來翻譯

所謂合句，英文叫作Compound Sentence，是由兩個或兩個以上的獨立子句（Independent Clause）所構成的。采用這種句型來翻譯的時候，實比采用單句還要來得簡單，但要注意一點，子句與子句間要用對等連詞（Coordinate Conjunction）來結合成為合句才是。對等連詞約可分為下列四種：

（一）累積連詞（Cumulative Conjunction）：有and，both……and，not only……but also，no less than，as well as，furthermore，besides，moreover等。

（二）選擇連詞（Alternative Conjunction）：有or，either……or，nor，neither……nor，otherwise，or else等。

（三）反意連詞（Adversative Conjunction）：有but，yet，while，nevertheless，still，however，whereas，only，notwithstanding等。

（四）推論連詞（Illative Conjunction）：有for，therefore，so，thus，hence，wherefore，consequently，accordingly等。

在以上的對等連詞中，有的并不是真正的連詞，而是接續副詞（Conjunctive Adverb），又稱關系副詞（Relative Adverb），拿來用作對等連詞的，例如：

那里沒有一個人，所以我也就走了。

There was no one there，so I went away.

我們在那里呆了一個鐘頭就回家了。

We stayed there an hour；then we went home.

你一旦露出任何恐懼的跡象，他就會攻擊你。

Once you show any sign of fear，he will attack you.

她是留學美國的，所以她英語說得好。

She is an American returned student，therefore she speaks good English.

這書一脫稿，我馬上和出版家訂好了出版合約。

Immediately this was done，I completed an arrangement with my publishers.

我很想去，不過我卻不愿冒著雨去。

I want to go very much；still I do not care to go through the rain.

他是一個聰明人，而仍不免常犯錯誤。

He is a wise man，nevertheless（或none the less或and yet）he often makes mistakes.

我很愿意做，只是我太忙了。

I would do it with pleasure，only（ = except that）I am too busy.

我正要說話，鈴子就響了。

I was just going to speak，when the bell rang.

此外還有原是不對等的連詞，如as，until，while，when等，有時也可拿來作對等連詞用，例如：

他是一個美國人，我聽他說話就知道。

He is an American，as I know from his accent.

在此他又犯了一般以貌取人的通病，那過后就可以證明的。

Here he fell into the common error of judging by appearances，as will be proved hereafter.

那個嬰孩變得越來越虛弱，終于不久就死了。

The little baby grew more and more sickly，until presently it died.

一條輪船正用全速力在走，突然一下駛入淺水而觸礁了。

A steamer was going along at full speed，when it suddenly got into shallow water and ran aground.

他正想要用腳后跟踐碎那株小草，而一個新的念頭使他停下來了。

He was about to crush the plant with his heel，when a new thought made him stop.

某種習慣一直在形成而牢固起來，終至變得牢不可破。

All the while a certain habit is forming and hardening，until at last we find ourselves helpless.

有的人富，有的人窮。

Some men are rich，while（ = whereas）others are poor.

當我在紐約的時候，我見過他好幾次。

I saw him several times while I was in New York.

我弟弟發了財，而我還依舊窮困。

I have remained poor，while my brother has made a fortune.

那帽子的顏色我雖則很喜歡，但形式我不愛。

While（ = Though）I like the colour of the hat，I do not like its shape.

上面最后兩例是由其前一例的基本用法逐漸引申出來的。

現將真正的對等連詞的用法，例示如下：

小紅低唱我吹簫。

I played on the flute，and Hsiao Hung sang to it.

他開始說話，全體肅靜。

He began to speak，and all was still.

過幾分鐘他就睡熟了。

A few minutes more，and he lay sound asleep.

趕快，那么你就可以趕上火車。

Make haste，and you will catch the train.

他在恐怖中從家中逃走了，從那以后我再沒有見到他。

He fled from the house in terror，and I have never seen him since.

你一定要把文書歸檔，否則你就不會受到信賴。

You must have your papers on file，or no credit will be given.

穿上你的外套，否則你會著涼的。

Put on your overcoat，or you will catch cold.

要么進來，要么出去。

Either come in or go out.

你必須說實話，或者什么也不說。

You must either tell the truth or say nothing.

強使污物留下的話，不是引起皮膚病，就是傷害血液。

Either the skin will become diseased，or the blood will be injured by being forced to retain its impurities.

趕快，否則你就要遲了。

Hurry up or else you’ll be late.

我沒有錢，我也不想有錢。

I am not rich，nor do I wish to be.

既非他錯，也非我錯。

Neither he is mistaken nor I am.

約翰和我都沒有到會。

Neither John nor I attended the meeting.

他是一個能干的人，但這問題對他也嫌太難了。

He is an able man，but the problem was too hard for him.

他的身體虛弱，但他仍要工作。

He is not in good health，but he still wants to work.

你現在必得離去，但下回你可以再來。

You must go now，but you may come again.

他不可能懶惰，因為他有很大的進步。

He cannot be idle，for he makes remarkable progress.

油完了，因為燈已熄滅。

The oil must be out，for the lamp has gone out.

林肯不但是黑人的朋友，也是弱者和無告者的朋友。

Lincoln was not only a friend of the negroes，but a friend of the weak and the helpless.

他不但給了我錢，還給了我一個裝錢的皮包。

He gave me not only the money，but also a purse to put it in.

事業的成功，不但要有精力，還得有耐性。

Not only energy，but patience is necessary to success in life.

你須聽話，否則你將受罰。

Do what you are told；otherwise you will be punished.

抓住那個機會，不然你將后悔。

Seize the chance，otherwise you will regret it.

有人喜歡吃肥肉，而另有人就討厭它。

Some people like fat meat，whereas others hate it.

他很聰明而他的妹妹就有點愚笨。

He is clever whereas his sister is foolish.

總督看了請愿書，但他仍然拒絕赦免那孩子。

The governor read the petition；nevertheless he refused to pardon the boy.

他有學問又有經驗。

He has experience as well as knowledge.

合句有時不用連詞而用標點也是可以的，尤其在古文中常有見到，例如：

Cowards die many times before their death；The valiant never taste of death but once.（Shakespeare，Jul.Caes. II，ii，32f.）（對照意味）

John Told had drunk a large quantity of liquor，he was both merry and tipsy.（Powys）（因果關系）

Shakespeare was born in 1564；he died in 1616.（羅列一起）

A writer wants something more than money for his work：he wants permanence.（繼續談論）

而《圣經》上的合句則連詞和標點都用得很多：

And the rain descended，and the floods came，and the winds blew，and beat upon that house；and it fell；and great was the fall of it.（Matt. vii. 27）

合句有時既可借用復句的不對等連詞，則合句與復句豈不變得一樣的而沒有分別了，須知二者的分別并不全在連詞，還有其他重要的因素。凡用有限制用法的關系詞（Relative）的文句就是復句，用有非限制用法即繼續用法的關系詞（通例在其前有Comma）的文句便是合句，如：

He is the man whom I met in the train.（復）

I met Mr. A，who（ = and he）told me the news.（合）

This is the place where I was born.（復）

Then my parents went to America，where（ = and there）I was born.（合）

Then I went to Rome，where（ = and there）I stopped for a week.（合）

This book，which（ = though it）appeared about a month ago，has already gone through several editions.（復）

When at home，he shuts himself up in his study.（復）

在合句中連詞的位置多半是放在兩個子句之間，如：

He is young，and yet he is prudent.

I was ill，so I did not go.

I knew it was him the minute I saw him.

但是復句的連詞就多半是放在附屬子句之前，如：

Let us go to bed，as it is late.

Though he is poor，he is honest.

Brave as she was（ = Though she was brave），she trembled.

Brave as she was（ = Because she was brave），she attacked.

習題7

試用英文合句譯出下列各句：

1. 日暮途遠。

2. 不自由毋寧死。

3. 聰明人為求知而讀書，愚人則為文憑。

4. 天將下雨，因為晴雨表漸見降低。

5. 幾家歡樂幾家愁。

6. 他自己家里有很多事要做，而他卻來幫我的忙。

7. 他硬不肯聽，要我怎樣去說服他。

8. 他分明知道打擾我們，他還要說個不停。

9. 他借我五千元，只還來兩千。

10. 當我對你說話的時候，請你不要作聲。

11. 他有錢無處用，而我無錢可用。

12. 他是唯一的候選人，因此他當選了。

13. 他是很孚眾望的候選人，結果他是會當選的。

14. 我憎恨他，而你只是不喜歡他而已。

15. 人生不滿百，常懷千歲憂。

16. 我必須把他的一份給他，因我已答應兩人平分。

17. 我到達車站的時候，火車已經開走了。

18. 他口中高談和平，而實際卻帶給我們戰爭。

19. 我接受了他善意的勸告，所以我現在并不覺得新生活徒勞無功。

20. 這種工作也許別人可以，我是不能做的。