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  • 翻譯的技巧
  • 錢歌川
  • 5140字
  • 2020-06-03 18:27:41

貳 由構造來分的造句

(1)用單句來翻譯

所謂單句,英文叫作Simple Sentence,是在一個句子中,只包含得有一個主語和一個述語的,例如


Birds sing.(鳥鳴。)

What have you been doing?(你在做什么?)

What beautiful hair that little girl has!(那小女孩有多么美麗的頭發呀!)


單句并不一定是很短的,有時因為修飾語加多了,也可以把句子拉得很長,現舉幾個例子如下:


Nearly all the boys in this class go somewhere for the summer.(幾乎班上所有的學生都要到什么地方去過暑假。)

They saw a burning house,standing a little distance from the road,with some stately fir-trees in the foreground.(他們見到離開大路不遠的地方,有一幢房子起火了。在那房子前面長得有一排森森的樅樹。)

Caught in a shower on his way to his house in Lloyd Road,a tall English gentleman,a teacher of English in one of the most flourshing private schools in Singapore,began running,with some books under his arm,in order to catch a bus going at full speed about twenty yards ahead of him.(一個身材高大的英國人,是新加坡頂發達的一間私立學校的英文教員,在回返勞益路他的住宅去的途中,遇到了驟雨,他手臂下夾著幾本書,開始向前跑,想去搭乘在他二十碼光景前面以全速力在開行的那輛巴士車。)


我們由中文翻譯英文的時候,應運用英文各種慣用的句法,采取各種不同的方式,即以單句而論,也是有許多方式可以用來把句子擴大的:(一)用補語的,(二)用賓語的,(三)用形容詞或副詞的,(四)用動詞片語的,(五)用獨立片語的,(六)用副詞片語的,(七)用介詞片語的,(八)用名詞片語的,(九)用代名詞片語的,(十)用分詞片語的。所以在主語和述語以外,還可以增加許許多多的字句,因為上述十種方式,并不限于一句只許用一種,我們同時可以用上好幾種,如上舉最后的一個例句,caught in a shower是分詞片語,a tall English是形容詞,a teacher of English是同格名詞,running是賓語,with some books under his arm是副詞片語,in order to catch a bus是介詞片語,going at full speed是形容詞片語等等,所以原來只有主語gentleman和述語began兩個字,現卻拉長到五十五個字了。

(一)用補語的

不完全的動詞必須有補語,才能使句子表達出一個完全的意念來。自動詞用主格補語,他動詞用賓格補語。

(a)主格補語


他看去很年輕。

He looks young.

華盛頓小時是一個好孩子。

Washington was a good boy.

中國是要養兒防老的。

In China a son should be the staff of his parents’ old age.


(b)賓格補語


人民選舉他做總統。

People elected him president.

他使國家富強了。

He made his country wealthy and powerful.


(二)用賓語的

英文的他動詞是要加上賓語才能成句的。用賓語的句子可分下列六種譯法:

(a)用一個賓語


除你以外我沒有朋友。

I have no friend but you.

天生麗質。

Nature has molded her form and features with masterly touch.


(b)用兩個賓語


那老人講一些有趣的故事給我們聽。

That old man tells us amusing stories.

一磅煙絲只夠他吸兩個禮拜。

A pound of tobacco only lasts him a fortnight.


(c)用表結果的賓語(Object of Result)


她點燃了一把火。

She lights a fire.

他在木板上鉆了一個洞。

He bores a hole in the plank.

我在那上面畫了一朵花。

I painted a flower on it.


(d)用同系賓語(Cognate Object)


他發出了一聲短促的苦笑。

He laughed a little short ugly laugh.

他過著一種凄涼寂寞的生活。

He is living a sad and lonely life.


(e)用反身賓語(Reflexive Object)


他在晚會上感到很快樂。

He enjoyed himself at the party.

你應利用圖書館的書。

You should avail yourself of the books in the library.


(f)用保留賓語(Retained Object)

凡有間接和直接兩個賓語的文句,如由主動改為被動時,通常有兩種說法,即每次只能用一個賓語,間接的或直接的,作為主語,其未用作主語的,就稱為保留賓語,如


我給了那孩子一支自來水筆。

I gave the boy a fountain pen.


如將上句改為被動時態,則有下列兩種形式:


The boy was given a fountain pen by me.

A fountain pen was given the boy by me.


(三)用形容詞或副詞的

(A)用形容詞的,又可分為(a)敘述的用法,(b)限定的用法,(c)名詞的用法,(d)副詞的用法,(e)同格的用法五種譯法。

(a)敘述的用法(Predicative Use)


這朵玫瑰花是紅的。

This rose is red.

他對那結果感到滿意。

He was content with the result.(Cf. contented)

這不值得那樣麻煩。

It is not worth the trouble.(Cf. worthy)


專限于敘述用法的形容詞有:ill(Cf. sick),well(Cf. healthy),glad,sorry,exempt等,其他還有以“a-”開頭的字,如alone,asleep,awake,afraid,alike,ashamed,akin等,例如:He was fast asleep.(熟睡)也多半只有敘述用法。

(b)限定的用法(Attributive Use)


這是一朵紅玫瑰花。

This is a red rose.

知足常樂。

A contented person is happy with his status quo.

他找到一個敢于和他相抗的敵人。

He found a worthy enemy.

兒童教育必須由所能聘到的最好的教師來施行。

The education of children must be conducted by the best D instructors.

沒有一件偉大的事不是由熱忱來做成的。

Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.(Emerson)


(c)名詞的用法(Noun Use)


他有審美的眼光。

He has an eye for the beautiful.

闊人也有他們的苦惱。

The rich have their troubles too.

級長阻止強者欺侮弱者。

The monitors hinder the strong from bullying the weak.

她是一個俗氣的富婆。

She’s one of the vulgar rich.(Gissing)

他對周圍老少的人群投以一瞥。

He cast a look at the crowd of old and young about him.(對稱時可略去冠詞)


(d)副詞的用法(Adverbial Use)


他們平安到達了。

They arrived safe.( = They were safe when they arrived. 句中的safe為補語)

紅顏薄命。

He died young.( = He was young when he died. 句中的young為補語)

我很想對你做得誠實一點。

I want to act honest with you.

看得輕松一點吧。

Take it easy.

我大為嚇到了。

I’m awful frightened.

那會很合我的式。

That will suit me fine.


(e)同格的用法(Appositive Use)


一個饑餓疲憊的獵戶睡在床上。

A hunter,hungry and exhausted,slept on the bed.

他又憂傷又疲倦,慢慢地走回家去了。

Sad and weary,he slowly walked home.

他老是神經過敏,這時尤其如此。

Always sensitive,he was especially so at this moment.(Gissing)

她的面貌雖不難看卻很平凡。

Her features,though not plain,were insignificant.(Austen)

仍然是綠的葉子被風吹得從灌木籬笆上飄落下來。

The leaves,still green,were tossed off the hedgerow trees by the wind.


(B)用副詞的,又可分為(a)修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞,(b)修飾名詞或代名詞,(c)修飾副詞片語,(d)修飾全句,(e)作形容詞用,(f)作名詞用,(g)作補語用七種譯法。

(a)修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞:


她聽了那笑話開心地大笑。

She laughed heartily at the joke.

我現在已準備好了。

I am ready now.

她英語說得非常好。

She speaks English remarkably well.


(b)修飾名詞或代名詞:


這事小孩子也能做。

Even a child can do it.

圣人也不免有過。

Even Homer sometimes nods.

只有你能猜。

Only you can guess.

已有大批人聚集在那里了。

Quite a crowd had already gathered there.

唯有約翰知道這事。

John alone knows about it.

你還要什么?

What else do you want?

我也有煩心的事。

I,too,have troubles.


(c)修飾副詞片語:


我們及時到達。

We arrived just in time.

我在戰爭結束后隨即來到新加坡。

I came to Singapore soon after the war.

正十時關大門。

The gate is shut exactly at 10 o’clock.

他差不多快渡過河去了。

He is almost across the river.

他旅行了世界一周。

He has traveled entirely around the world.


(d)修飾全句:


簡單地說,事實就是這樣。

Briefly the facts are these.

很幸運地我去時他正在家。

Fortunately I found him at home.

確實你是錯了。

Certainly you are in the wrong.

他愚笨地把那鵝殺了。

He foolishly killed the goose.

那真是一個好計劃。

That is an excellent plan indeed.


(e)作形容詞用:


這是下行車嗎?

Is this a down train?

在那邊那位紳士是他的父親。

That gentleman there is his father.

我在歸途中遇到了他。

I met him on my way back.

從這件事產生的不愉快情形,和吃了大肉的早餐,可能就是他對一般世界失去希望的原因吧。

The unpleasant circumstances resulting from this together with heavy meat breakfasts,may probably have contributed to his desponding views of the world generally.(Eliot)

他一切都完了。

All is over with him.

我們一定要想辦法趕走這些蒼蠅。

We must do something to keep the flies off.

他把襪子穿反了。

He put on his socks wrong side out.


(f)作名詞用:


從這兒去有多遠?

How far is it from here

今天是我生日。

Today is my birthday.

那個描寫了人生的浮沉。

It described the ups and downs of life.


(g)作補語用:


火熄滅了。

The fire is out.

戰爭結束了。

The war is over.

薔薇開了。

The roses are out.( = open)

幕已揭開。

The curtain was up.


(四)用動詞片語的

英文動詞除單字(如come等)及群字(如will come或will have come等)外,還有動詞片語(verb phrase),那是動詞和其他詞類,尤其是名詞,結合而成的一種片語,常另具特殊意義,所以我們特別列成一項,來供翻譯時采用。


你不應該拿你小弟弟們來開玩笑。

You should not make fun of your little brothers.

明天市公會堂要舉行音樂會。

A concert is to take place at the town hall tomorrow.

我們沒有錢就生活不了。

We cannot get along without money.

他趕不上班。

He couldn’t keep up with the class.

我期待著你的回信。

I look forward to receiving your reply.

你必得把所作的決定重新加以考慮。

You must think better of your resolution.

我規定在晚飯前出外散步一回。

I make a point of taking a walk before supper.

我不作弄天真老實的人。

I don’t play a trick on innocent people.

他的腳有什么毛病。

He has something the matter with his foot.

我和那件事沒有關系。

I have nothing to do with the matter.


(五)用獨立片語的

獨立片語有三種,有用獨立不定詞構成的,有用獨立分詞構成的,有用獨立介詞構成的。茲分別采用翻譯如下:

(a)獨立不定詞。這是用來修飾全句的。從文法上講,它和主句毫無聯系。


老實說,我并不喜歡他。

To tell the truth,I do not like him.

他可謂一部活辭典。

He is,so to speak,a walking dictionary.

使事情更糟的,天又下起雨來了。

To make the matter worse,it began to rain.


此外還有to speak candidly,to be frank with you,to be sue,to return to the subject,to be brief,to make a long story short,strange to say,needless to say等等。

(b)獨立分詞。這個與主語無任何文法上的關系,其形式有下列三種:

1. 分詞前帶有意味上的主語的


太陽落山,孩子們回家去了。

The sun having set,the children went home.

有他在此,便無危險。

He being here,there is no danger.

工作做完,他們就回家了。

The work done,they left for home.

春天來了,我們到公園去散步。

Spring coming on,we go to gardens to take a walk.

他是我的長輩,我應當尊敬他。

He being my elder,I should respect him.


2. 無人稱的獨立分詞


嚴格地說,他并不算一個愛國者。

Strictly speaking,he is not a patriot.

以他的年齡而論,他是夠聰明的了。

Considering his age,he is very clever.

從各方面來考慮,他的命運是幸福的。

Taking all things into consideration,his lot is a happy one.


其他如judging from,talking of,等皆是。3.由with引導的獨立分詞


那小婦人慢慢前進,眼睛惡意地盯在那張粉紅色的紙上。

The little woman advanced slowly with her eyes fixed malevolently on the pink paper.(Wells)

這個小村莊是位于平坦雄偉的牧場和麥田的中央,前有一列白楊樹在風中搖曳。

This little village was set midst flat breadths of pasture and corn-lands,with long lines of poplars on the foreground bending in the wind.


(c)由表感情上之結果(resulting emotion)的“to”所引導的獨立片語。


使我喜慰的,我發覺他還活著。

To my joy,I found him alive.

使我吃驚的,他居然把一切都說出來了。

To my surprise,he confessed everything.

使我失望的,他竟不同意我的計劃。

To my disappointment,he did not consent to my plan.

使我滿意的,是他終于解決了那個問題。

To my satisfaction,he has solved the problem at last.

使他悲傷的,他知道他父親去世了。

To his sorrow,he learned that his father was dead.


(六)用副詞片語的


當心地寫。

Write it with care.

天黑了,我們才回家。

We came home after dark.

他現在住在本村。

He lives in this village at present.

親切地對待他。

Treat him with kindness.( = kindly)

我出外散步去了。

I went out for a walk.

他們匆匆回家了。

They went home in a hurry.

我們努力用功以求考取。

We work hard to pass the examination.

這本書太難懂。

This book is too difficult to understand.


(七)用介詞片語的

介詞片語有兩種形式皆可用來翻譯。一種是介詞片語(preposition phrase),另一種是介詞的片語(prepositional phrase)。所謂介詞片語是一個名詞或形容詞前后都有介詞而構成的片語,如by means of,on account of,at the mercy of,for the purpose of,in return for,in respect to,in love with等等,而所謂介詞的片語,則為介詞加名詞。其中的名詞實為那個介詞的賓語,如of diligence,in my hand,with pleasure等等,其功用可修飾名詞,有時也可修飾動詞。

(a)介詞片語


他因生病,所以沒有來。

He did not come on account of illness.

他們遠赴臺灣。

They went as far as Formosa.

賈克由于不屈不撓的精神而獲得成功。

Jack succeeded by dint of perseverance.

思想由言語表達。

Thoughts are expressed by means of words.

旅人以驢代馬。

The traveller is using an ass as a substitute for a horse.

他和她結婚是看上了她的財產。

He married her with an eye to her fortune.

我喜歡小黑(狗名),是因為它的頭腦好。

I love Blackie for the sake of his sense.

他想要建房子,所以買了一塊地皮。

He has bought a piece of land with a view to building a house.


(b)介詞的片語


一個品行優良的人受人尊敬。

A man of good character is to be respected.


凡of + abstract noun = adjective,of use = useful,of diligence = diligent,of freedom = free,of security = secure,of importance = important,of wisdom = wise,of kindness = kind,of beauty = beautiful等等。


蘋果放在籃子里。

The apples are in the basket.

國王死后政府改變了很多。

After the king’s death,many changed were made in the government.

瑪麗對他那樣不客氣使我感到羞辱。

I am mortified by Mary’s treating him so unkindly.

那個大建筑工程已經開始五年了。

The great structure has been under construction about five years.

他的語言教授法是最新式的。

He is very up to date in his methods of language teaching.

我們吃點鹿肉換個口味。

Let us have venison for a change.

一個健康的人一般都是樂天的。

A healthy man,as a general rule,is optimistic.


(八)用名詞片語的

凡作名詞用的片語,便是名詞片語,例如:


他是一個誠實的人。

He is an honest man.

獅為萬獸之王。

The lion is the king of beasts.

我喜歡打網球。

I like to play tennis.

我不曉得要怎樣辦。

I did not know what to do.

教育部批準了他出國深造。

The Ministry of Education has ratified his going abroad for higher studies.

母親很高興,他這樣快回家。

Mother rejoiced at his coming home so soon.


(九)用代名詞片語的


夫妻應當互助。

Husband and wife should help each other.

人們喜歡互毆。

People like to fight one another.


(十)用分詞片語的

(a)用現在分詞的


在路上走著,我遇見了一個老朋友。

Walking along the street,I met an old friend.

因為疲倦了,他躺下睡一會兒。

Being tired,he lay down to sleep.

用趾尖行走,我躡足走到了他的背后。

Walking on tiptoe,I approached him behind.

說完這個他遞了一封信給我。

Saying this,he handed a letter to me.

向右轉彎,你就可看到你要找的屋子。

Turning to the right,you will find the house you are looking for.

他說英語,時常說錯。

He often makes mistakes when speaking English.

情侶的時間是很長的,雖則感覺很短。

For lovers’ hours are long,though seeming short.


(b)用過去分詞的


劃船劃得疲倦了,我一定要休息一下。

Fatigued with rowing,I must have a rest.

極其細心建筑出來的這些廟宇,是不容許加以冒瀆的。

Built with infinite care,the temples are not allowed to desecrate.


習題6

試用英文單句譯出下列各句:

1. 太陽落山了,我們回家去。

2. 忙中有錯。

3. 我兩年前才認識他的。

4. 請代我謝謝他的禮物。

5. 言歸正傳,他們當天便結婚了。

6. 以貌取人,失之子羽。

7. 貪愛錢財是萬惡之源。

8. 他來看我目的在借錢。

9. 同盟國家互相猜忌。

10. 名譽與金錢無關。

11. 他賺了一大筆錢,他母親高興極了。

12. 寫完了那封信,我就出去散步了。

13. 他易于滿足。

14. 早起三朝當一天。

15. 病從口入。

16. 一寸黃金買不到一寸光陰。

17. 知人知面不知心。

18. 破帽之下多好人。

19. 智慧就在認識機會。

20. 人誰無過。

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