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(二)自然病程

軟組織肉瘤主要表現為逐漸生長的無痛性包塊,隱匿性強,病程可從數月至數年,當腫瘤逐漸增大壓迫神經或血管時,可出現疼痛、麻木、甚至肢體水腫[1-3],但癥狀并不具有特異性。有些病例可以出現腫塊短期內迅速增大、皮膚溫度升高、區域淋巴結腫大等,需要警惕腫瘤級別升高的可能[4,5]。臨床表現與惡性程度相關,惡性程度高的可表現為病程很短,較早出現血行轉移及治療后易復發等特點[6-8]。

軟組織肉瘤如果不治療,包塊可持續增大,甚至出現破潰,同時會發生遠處轉移,最常見的轉移部位是肺。不當手術會影響腫瘤的自然病程,不當手術主要包括不當活檢和非計劃手術,其結果會造成自然屏障受破壞,腫瘤向外擴散生長,引起血腫,導致腫瘤細胞突破原有邊界,直接引起腫瘤細胞或組織播散。最終導致局部復發率和遠處轉移率的風險增高。

軟組織肉瘤生長過程中遇到的自然屏障主要包括肌間隔、關節囊、腱鞘、神經鞘膜、韌帶、骨及關節軟骨等[9]。少血運的解剖結構都有暫時的屏障作用,如皮質骨、關節軟骨,可暫時阻礙腫瘤的生長。腫瘤組織通過擠壓、刺激吸收和直接破壞正常組織向周圍生長,表現為比良性或中間性腫瘤更強的局部侵襲能力。

軟組織肉瘤總的5年生存率約60%~ 80%。影響軟組織肉瘤生存預后的主要因素有:年齡、腫瘤部位、大小、組織學分級、是否存在轉移及轉移部位等[10,11]。影響軟組織肉瘤局部復發的因素主要有:不充分的外科邊界、多次復發、腫瘤體積大、組織學分級高等[12]。軟組織肉瘤分期系統可以反映疾病生存預后,例如:病理學分級1級,2級和3級的無轉移生存率分別為98%,85%和64%[13];腫瘤大小為<5cm,5~ 10cm,10~ 15cm,>15cm,其5年生存率分別為84%,70%,50%和33%[14]。MSTS(Musculoskeletal Tumor Society)分期Ⅰ期,Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期的5年總生存率分別為90%,81%和56%[15]。

參考文獻

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3.Goldblum JR,Weiss SW,Folpe AL.Enzinger and Weiss’s Soft Tissue Tumors E-Book.Elsevier Health Sciences;2013.1 p.

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5.Behranwala KA,Omar AM,Thomas JM,et al. Prognosis of lymph node metastasis in soft tissue sarcoma.Ann Surg Oncol.2nd ed.2004,11(7):714-719.

6.Gar cí a Franco CE,Algarra SM,Ezcurra AT,et al. Long-term results after resection for soft tissue sarcoma pulmonary metastases.Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2009,9(2):223-236.

7.Gadd MA,Casper ES,Woodruff JM,et al. Development and treatment of pulmonary metastases in adult patients with extremity soft tissue sarcoma.Ann Surg.Lippincott,Williams,and Wilkins,1993,218(6):705-712.

8.Billingsley KG,Burt ME,Jara E,et al. Pulmonary metastases from soft tissue sarcoma:analysis of patterns of diseases and postmetastasis survival.Ann Surg.Lippincott,Williams,and Wilkins,1999,229(5):602-612.

9.Enneking WF.Musculoskeletal Tumor Surgery.Churchill Livingstone;1983.

10.Atean I,Pointreau Y,Rosset P,et al. Prognostic factors of extremity soft tissue sarcoma in adults.A single institutional analysis.Cancer Radiother,2012,16(8):661-666.

11.李遠,牛曉輝,徐海榮.原發肢體軟組織肉瘤208例預后的影響因素分析.中華外科雜志,2011,49(11):964-969.

12.Pisters PW,Leung DH,Woodruff J,et al. Analysis of prognostic factors in 1,041 patients with localized soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities.JCO,1996,14(5):1679-1689.

13.Zagars GK,Ballo MT,Pisters PWT,et al. Prognostic factors for patients with localized soft-tissue sarcoma treated with conservation surgery and radiation therapy:an analysis of 1225 patients.Cancer,2003,97(10):2530-2543.

14.Ramanathan RC,Fisher C,Thomas JM,et al. Modified staging system for extremity soft tissue sarcomas.Ann Surg Oncol,1999,6(1):57-69.

15.Edge SB,Compton CC,et al. The American Joint Committee on Cancer:the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM.Ann Surg Oncol.7 ed.Springer-Verlag,2010,17(6):1471-1474.

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