第三節(jié) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣

一、基本概念

虛擬語(yǔ)氣用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望或假想，所說(shuō)的是一個(gè)條件，不一定是事實(shí)，或與事實(shí)相反。虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中應(yīng)用比較多。條件句可分為兩類：一類為真實(shí)條件句，一類為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

二、各類從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

（一）條件從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

1．構(gòu)成形式

例1:If I were you, I should/would not watch TV．如果我是你，我就不看電視了。

例2:If I did/had done my homework, I would go/have gone to the party.

如果我做完家庭作業(yè)，就去參加晚會(huì)。

例3:If you hadn't gone to the cinema, you would not have been late for class.

如果你不看電影，就不會(huì)遲到了。

例4:If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam.

2．應(yīng)用虛擬的情況

如果你努力學(xué)習(xí)的話，考試就會(huì)及格了。

（1）條件從句中if省略時(shí)，要倒裝。

如果條件從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包含有were或助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞had, should, could，有時(shí)可將連詞if省去，而將條件從句的主語(yǔ)置于were, had, should, could之后。這種用法主要用于書面語(yǔ)。

1）與現(xiàn)在相反：If I were you（＝Were I you）, I would go with him.

2）與過(guò)去相反：If I had had time then（＝Had I had time then）, I would have gone with you.

3）與將來(lái)相反：If I were to visit/should visit/visited the Great Wall tomorrow（＝Were I to/Should I visit the Great Wall tomorrow）, I would take my son with me.

（2）without可以代替條件從句。

例：We would not live without water or air．沒(méi)有水和空氣，我們就不能生存。

（3）混合虛擬條件句。

如果條件從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生，主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)分別根據(jù)各自所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。這種句子叫作混合虛擬條件句。

例：If China had not been liberated, the working people would still be leading a miserable life.（從句表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反，主句說(shuō)明與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反）

中國(guó)如果沒(méi)有解放，那么勞動(dòng)人民還將處于水深火熱的生活中。

（4）用but或but for引導(dǎo)含蓄條件句。（but后跟從句，but for后跟短語(yǔ)：假如沒(méi)有，要不是）

例1:But for your help, our experiment wouldn't have been so successfu.l

假如沒(méi)有你們的幫助，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)是不會(huì)如此成功的。

例2:We would have invited them to the dance, but they were too busy.

要不是他們太忙，我們會(huì)邀請(qǐng)他們來(lái)參加舞會(huì)的。

（5）“If only...”是一種特殊句式結(jié)構(gòu)。

1）“If only...”用于感嘆句中，是一個(gè)保留條件句，省略了主句的形式，用來(lái)表示某人對(duì)某事的一種強(qiáng)烈愿望或未實(shí)現(xiàn)的條件，其意為“但愿……，真希望……，要是……就好了”。

例：If only you had worked with greater care！你當(dāng)時(shí)干活時(shí)要是再認(rèn)真些就好了！

2）If only后常用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。

例：If only she would win！但愿她能贏！

（二）賓語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

表示請(qǐng)求、命令、建議的動(dòng)詞一堅(jiān)持（insist），二命令（order, command），三建議（suggest, propose, advise），四要求（demand, require, request, command）以及determine, decide, intend, move, prefer, recommend, urge, desire, direct等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用（should）+do。特殊情況：suggest作為“表明，暗示”時(shí)，不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。insist作為“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”時(shí)，不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

（三）主語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

基本句型：

It is important/necessary/strange +that+主+（should）do.

例：It is necessary that we（should）master a foreign language to find a good job.

掌握一門外語(yǔ)對(duì)找到一份好工作來(lái)講很重要。

此類形容詞有：

appropriate, advisable, better, desirable, essential, imperative, important, insist-ent, natural, necessary, preferable, strange, urgent, vital等。

相關(guān)過(guò)去分詞有：

desired, demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, recommended, required等。

（四）狀語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

1．方式從句

例：She felt upset and sad as if/as though the whole world had turned against her.

她很悲傷，仿佛整個(gè)世界都背叛了她。

2．讓步從句

例：Even if/Even though he apologized to me, I wouldn't pardon him.

即使他向我道歉，我也不會(huì)原諒他。

3. It is（high, about）time+從句

從句應(yīng)該用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，值得注意的是用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)表示虛擬。或should + 動(dòng)詞原形，should不能省。常譯為“是（正是）……的時(shí)候”。構(gòu)成方式為：

It is（high, about）time +that +clause（were/動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或should+V）

例：It is time（that）we went/should go home．我們?cè)摶丶伊恕?/p>

（五）表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

像suggestion, plan, order, advice, resolution, pray, decision, motion, preference, proposal, recommendation, desire, demand, requirement, necessity, request, idea等名詞后面的表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即should+動(dòng)詞原形，should可省略。

例1:My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.

我的想法是讓更多的人來(lái)參加會(huì)議。

例2:I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.

我建議下周我們開(kāi)個(gè)會(huì)。