Bakhtiari(2006)通過對孟加拉國的格萊珉銀行、印度尼西亞人民銀行(Bank Rakyat Indonesia,BRI)[3]、泰國的農業及農業合作社銀行(BAAC)[4]、印度的SHARE[5]以及菲律賓的農業農村發展中心(CARD)[6]等微型金融機構的反貧困實踐進行研究,對微型金融減少貧困的作用機制進行了總結,他認為,微型金融主要通過平滑窮人的消費、更好地管理風險、逐漸構筑窮人的資產、幫助窮人發展微型企業等直接途徑提高窮人的創收能力,改善窮人的生活質量,并通過改善資源的配置效率、培育市場環境以及加速新技術的使用等促進經濟增長的間接途徑來減少貧困。[7]Gazi Salah Uddin等(2014)運用1975~2011年間孟加拉國的季度數據研究了金融發展與經濟增長及減貧之間的關系,指出,金融部門可以動員和分配儲蓄,因而有助于減貧,且金融發展與經濟增長及減貧之間存在著長期關系。[8]
De Aghion和Morduch(2006)則將微型金融對貧困家庭的影響總結為直接的收入影響、通過額外的培訓和教育等非金融性福利實現的間接收入影響以及改善家庭社會關系和增強自尊心等非金錢的影響等。[9]Bali Swain和Floro(2010)通過建立理論模型,發現微型金融的風險應對機制可以提高參與者控制風險的能力,從而降低其脆弱性,對減少貧困有利。[10]
美國經濟學家皮爾斯(Diana Pearce,1976)最早提出了“貧困女性化”(feminization of poverty)[51]。她早在20世紀70年代就發現,在16歲以上的貧困人口中女性約占2/3,女性更容易陷入貧困境地。而國外理論界關于女性貧困及其減貧問題的大量研究則始于20世紀90年代中期,尤其是女性主義經濟學國際學會于1995年創辦了《女性主義經濟學》雜志后,關于女性貧困問題的研究大量增加。
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