[7]“我們一部分屬于我們的國家,一部分屬于我們的父母,一部分屬于我們的朋友。”Appendix to C.S.Lewis,Abolition of Man(1944),United States: Simon & Schuster,1996.p.97.(quoting Roman,Cicero,De Off.I.vii).Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol 10,No 2,pp.337-376,at p.341.
[8]John T.Carroll,“ Children in the Bible”,http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-71671559.html,訪問于2011年12月12日.關(guān)于羅馬帝國分裂到基督教的國教化的歷史轉(zhuǎn)變,參見齊延平:《自由大憲章研究》,山東人民出版2007年版,第16-24頁。
[11]《申命記》(Deuteronomy)14:1:“你們是耶和華的兒女,神的兒女。”《以賽亞書》(Isaiah)11:6:“孩童要引領(lǐng)他們(禽畜)。”《詩篇》(Psalms)8:2:“你因敵人的緣故,從嬰孩和吮乳的口中汲取的力量,使得敵人和復(fù)仇者啞口無言。”Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol 10,No 2,pp.337-376,at pp.341-342.
[16]《約珥書》(Joel)2:28:“…你們的兒女要說預(yù)言…”《詩篇》(Psalms)127:4-5:“…子女好像勇士手中的箭…”《詩篇》(Psalms)128:3:“…子女圍繞你的桌子,就好像橄欖栽子。”《箴言》(Proverbs)17:6:“子孫位老人的冠冕…”《箴言》(Proverbs)20:7:“…他的子孫是有福氣的。”《箴言》(Proverbs)31:28:“他的兒女起來稱他有福…”《馬太福音》(Matthew)19:14:“耶穌說,讓小孩子到我這里來,不要阻止他們,因?yàn)樵谔靽模沁@樣的人。”《馬可福音》(Mark)10:14:“…讓小孩子到耶穌這里來…”《馬可福音》(Mark)10:16:“耶穌抱著小孩子…”《使徒行傳》(Acts)2:39:“應(yīng)許給你們的子女…”(describing promises to children)《希伯來書》(Hebrew)2:13:“…神賜予我的子女。”
[18]《申命記》(Deuteronomy)5:16:“當(dāng)照耶和華汝神所囑的孝敬父母,使你獲福,并使你的日子在耶和華汝神所賜汝之土地上得以長久。”《詩篇》(Psalms)27:10:“我父母遺棄我,耶和華必收留我。”(stating God receives children forsaken by parents)《箴言》(Proverbs)8:32:“…謹(jǐn)守我道者,便為有福。”《以賽亞書》(Isaiah)40:11:“…神慢慢引導(dǎo)那乳養(yǎng)小羊。”《馬可福音》(Mark)10:14:“…讓小孩子到我這里來,不要阻止他們…”《使徒行傳》(Acts)2:39:“因?yàn)檫@應(yīng)許是給你們和你們的兒女,并一切在遠(yuǎn)方的人,就是主我們神所召來的。”《以弗所書》(Ephesians)6:2:“要孝敬父母,使你們獲福,在世長壽。”
[19]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol 10,No 2,pp.337-376,at pp.342-343.
[24]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No 2,pp.337-376,at p.343.
[25]Peter Judson Richards,“ The Christian Origins of the Law”,The Claremont Institute,http://www.claremont.org/writings/021606richards.html,訪問于2011年12月12日。
[26]Philippe Aries,Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life,translated by Rober Baldick,New York: Alfred A Knopf,1962,p.129.
[27]Philippe Aries,Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life,translated by Rober Baldick,New York: Alfred A Knopf,1962,p.110.
[28]參見Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol 10,No 2,pp.337-376,at p.344.關(guān)于伯爾曼的《法律與革命》的評論參見Peter Judson Richards,The Claremont Institute,“ The Christian Origins of the Law”,http://www.claremont.org/writings/021606richards.html,訪問于2011年12月12日。
[31]Claire Breen,The Standard of the Best Interests of the Child: A Western Tradition in International and Comparative Law,New York: Springer,2002,p.35-37.
[32]Claire Breen,The Standard of the Best Interests of the Child: A Western Tradition in International and Comparative Law,New York: Springer,2002,p.36.
[33]Claire Breen,The Standard of the Best Interests of the Child: A Western Tradition in International and Comparative Law,New York: Springer,2002,p.37.
[35]Claire Breen,The Standard of the Best Interests of the Child: A Western Tradition in International and Comparative Law,New York: Springer,2002,p.36.
[37]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No 2,pp.337-376,at p.346.
[38]Claire Breen,The Standard of the Best Interests of the Child: A Western Tradition in International and Comparative Law,New York: Springer,2002,p.40.
[40]Kathryn L.Mercer,“ A Content Analysis of Judicial Decision-Making: How Judges Use the Primary Caretaker Standard to Make a Custody Determination”,in William and Merry Journal of Women and the Law,Vol.5,Iss.1,1998,pp.1-149,at p.1,14.Eric A.DeGroff,“ Sex Education in the Public Schools and the Accommodation of Familial Rights”,in Children’s Legal Rights Journal,Vol.26,2006,pp.21-45,at p.21.
[41]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.346.
[43]Lynn M.Akre,“ Struggling with Indeterminacy: A Call for Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Redefining the Best Interest of the Child Standard”,in Marquette Law Review,Vol.75,Iss.3,pp.628-672,at pp.634-635.
[44]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.346.
[45]Claire Breen,The Standard of the Best Interests of the Child: A Western Tradition in International and Comparative Law,New York: Springer,2002,p.40.
[46]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.347.
[47]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,p.355.
[49](1774)98 Eng.Rep.899(K.B.).Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.355.
[56]Claire Breen,The Standard of the Best Interests of the Child: A Western Tradition in International and Comparative Law,New York: Springer,2002,p.148.
[57]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.348.
[60]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,p.361.note.149.
[61]“要完成這樣一個生理機(jī)能的成長,或許花費(fèi)若干年的時間便可達(dá)到,而智力和能力的發(fā)展則需要更長的時間。到了某個階段,或者某種年齡,孩子們具備了力量和熱情,卻沒有足夠的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和智慧來控制它們。他們或許非常敏感以至于易于沖動,有可能對未來或自己的人生規(guī)劃毫不在意,在這樣的情形下,他們更適宜處于一種比法律更為直接的監(jiān)管之下。”Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.350.and note 77.
[62]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.361.
[63]William Blackstone,Commentaries on the Law of England,United States: University of Chicago Press,1979.p.441.
[64]William Blackstone,Commentaries on the Law of England,United States: University of Chicago Press,1979,p.635.
[65]Micheal Cretney,Judith Masson,Rebecca Harris,Principles of Family Law,United States: Sweet Maxwell,2001.p.636.
[66]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at pp.361-362.
[67]Joanne Ross Wilder,“ Religion and Best Interests in Custody Cases”,in Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers,Vol.18,2002,pp.211-234,at p.213.
[69]Joanne Ross Wilder,“ Religion and Best Interests in Custody Cases”,in Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers,Vol.18,2002,pp.211-234,at p.213.
[70]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at pp.361-362.
[71]Joanne Ross Wilder,“ Religion and Best Interests in Custody Cases”,in Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers,Vol.18,2002,pp.211-234,at pp.213-214.Joan B.Kelly,“ The Determination of Child Custody”,in The Future of Children,Vol.4,No.1,1994.p.121-142,at p.121.
[73]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.362.
[75]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,note.165.
[76]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.364.
[77]Danaya C.Wright,“ De Manneville v.De Manneville: Rethinking the Birth of Custody Law under Patriarchy”,in Law and History Review,Vol.17,Iss.2,1999.pp.247-307,at pp.248-249.
[78]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at note.124.
[80]Danaya C.Wright,“ De Manneville v.De Manneville: Rethinking the Birth of Custody Law under Patriarchy”,in Law and History Review,Vol.17,Iss.2,1999,pp.247-307,at p.249.
[81]Claire Breen,The Standard of the Best Interests of the Child: A Western Tradition in International and Comparative Law,New York: Springer,2002,p.42.
[82]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.359.
[87]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at note.134.
[89]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.359.
[90]Joanne Ross Wilder,“ Religion and Best Interests in Custody Cases”,in Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers,Vol.18,2002.pp.211-234,at p.212.Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No 2,pp.337-376,at note.140.
[92]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.361.note 151.
[93]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.361.note 151.
[95]David S.Tanenhaus,“ Between Dependency and Liberty: The Conundrum of Children’s Rights in the Gilded Age”,in Law and History Review,Vol.23,No.2,2005.pp.351-385,at pp.355-370.
[96]David S.Tanenhaus,“ Between Dependency and Liberty: The Conundrum of Children’s Rights in the Gilded Age”,in Law and History Review,Vol.23,No.2,2005.pp.351-385,at pp.370-379.有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,人們對兒童權(quán)利的意識并沒有這樣早發(fā)生,人們對兒童權(quán)利的意識始自于Brown v.Board of Education,347 U.S.483(1954),并且In re Gault,387 U.S.1(1967)是第一個涉及兒童權(quán)利的判例。參見Theresa Glennon,Robert G.Schwartz,“ Foreword: Looking Back,Looking Ahead: The Evolution of Children’s Rights”,in Temple Law Review,Vol.68,No.4,1995.pp.1557-1572,at p.1559.
[97]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No 2,pp.337-376,at p.368.
[99]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.363.
[103]Kathryn L.Mercer,“ A Content Analysis of Judicial Decision-Making: How Judges Use the Primary Caretaker Standard to Make a Custody Determination”,in William and Merry Journal of Women and the Law,Vol.5,Iss.1,1998,pp.1-149,at p.20.
[107]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at notes.181-182.
[110]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.364.
[111]Stephen G.Post,“ Adoption Theologically Considered”,in The Journal of Religious Ethics,Vol.25,No.1,1997,pp.149-168 at pp.151-152.
[112]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.349.
[113]Claire Breen,The Standard of the Best Interests of the Child: A Western Tradition in International and Comparative Law,New York: Springer,2002.p.148.
[114]Claire Breen,The Standard of the Best Interests of the Child: A Western Tradition in International and Comparative Law,New York: Springer,2002.p.20.
[115]Lynne Marie Kohm,“ Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence”,in Journal of Law and Family Studies,Vol.10,No.2,pp.337-376,at p.351.