1.7 [7] 景公燕賞無功而罪有司晏子諫

齊景公設宴賞賜無功之人而懲罰不服從命令的官吏，晏子進諫

【原文】

景公燕賞于國內，萬鐘者三，千鐘者五，令三出，而職計（莫）〔筴〕之（從）。公怒，令免職計，令三出，而士師（莫）〔筴〕之（從）。公不說。晏子見，公謂晏子曰：“寡人聞君國者，愛人則能利之，惡人則能疏之。今寡人愛人不能利，惡人不能疏，失君道矣。”晏子曰：“嬰聞之，君正臣從謂之順，君僻臣從謂之逆。今君賞饞諛之（民）〔臣〕，而令吏必從，則是使君失其道，臣失其守也。先王之立愛，以勸善也；其（立）〔去〕惡，以禁暴也。昔者三代之興也，利于國者愛之，害于國者惡之，故明所愛而賢良眾，明所惡而邪僻滅，是以天下治平，百姓和集。及其衰也，行安簡易，身安逸樂，順于己者愛之，逆于己者惡之，故明所愛而邪僻繁，明所惡而賢良滅，離散百姓，危覆社稷。君上不度圣王之興，而下不觀惰君之衰，臣懼君之逆政之行，有司不敢爭，以覆社稷，危宗廟。”公曰：“寡人不知也，請從士師之策。”國內之祿，所收者三也。

【今譯】

齊景公在國內設宴賞賜，獲萬鐘糧食賞賜的有三人，獲千鐘糧食賞賜的有五人，命令發出多次，職計都沒有聽從。景公大怒，下令罷免職計，命令發出多次，士師也不聽從。景公很不高興。晏子來見景公，景公對晏子說：“我聽說一個國家的君主，喜愛誰就能給誰好處，厭惡誰就能讓誰離開。現在我喜愛誰卻不能讓他得到好處，厭惡誰又不能讓他離開，已經喪失為君之道了。”晏子說：“我聽說，國君遵行正道臣子依從叫作‘順’，國君行為奸邪臣子依從叫作‘逆’。現在您賞賜阿諛奉承的人，還命令官吏必須服從，這就是國君喪失為君之道，臣下玩忽職守了。先王確立所愛，是為了鼓勵人們做善事；確立所惡，是為了禁止兇暴不法。以前夏、商、周三代勃興的時候，對國家有利的人，國君就愛他，對國家有害的人，國君就恨他，所以（國君）表明所愛，賢良的人就變多了，表明所惡；奸邪的人就消失了，因此天下太平無事，百姓安居和睦。到了三代衰敗的時候，（國君的）行為安于簡單方便，身體安于舒適享樂，順從自己的人就喜愛，違背自己的人就厭惡，所以（國君）表明所愛，而奸邪的人增多了；表明所惡，而賢良的人消失了，百姓流離失所，國家傾覆衰亡。國君上不考慮圣王興盛的經驗，下不觀察昏君衰亡的教訓，我擔心您倒行逆施，官吏不敢諫爭，以致國家傾覆，危及宗廟。”景公說：“我不明智啊，就請按照士師的意見辦吧。”于是國內發出去的祿米，有很多都被收回來了。

On the occasion of an awards banquet in the capital,Duke Jing sought to reward three men w ith ten thousand zhong of grain each,and five other men w ith a thousand zhong of grain each. The order was issued three times,but the treasurer did not comply w ith it. The Duke became furious and ordered the treasurer’s dismissal. The orders were repeated three times,but the Chief Judge did not comply w ith the order.

The Duke was displeased,and when Yanzi appeared for an audience,the Duke said to him: “I have heard that he who rules the state has the capacity to grant benefits to those he favors and to alienate those he disfavors. Now,however,I find myself unable to confer benefits upon those I favor and alienate those I disfavor. This means that I have failed w ith respect to the way of the ruler.”

Yanzi responded: “I have heard that if the ruler is correct and the ministers follow suit that is called obedience. If the ruler is aberrant and the ministers follow suit,that is called defiance. But now,if you,my Lord,reward slanderous and flattering m inisters and compel your officials to obey; this is what makes you fail w ith respect to the way of the ruler,and this is what makes m inisters fail in maintaining their official responsibilities. The former kings appointed those whom they cherished,in order to encourage excellence,and they removed those whom they did not favor,as preventive measures against political violence. Formerly,when the Three Dynasties prospered,^[1] those who were beneficial to the state were cherished and those who were harm ful were despised. Therefore,the kings made it clear whom they cherished and so the worthy and the good grew in number. They made it clear whom they despised,so the depraved and the deviant were exterminated. Hence,the world was well governed and the people lived in harmony w ith one another. But when the time came that the Three Dynasties declined,the rulers fell into frivolity and slacking and into indulgence and amusements in their private lives. Those who obeyed them were cherished,but those who disobeyed them were despised. As a result,they made clear what they cherished,and thus the depraved and the devious flourished. They made it clear what they despised,and thus the worthy and the good were exterminated. They drove the people apart and scattered them,and the altars of soils and grain were endangered and destroyed. You,my Lord,did not give thought to the prosperity of the sage-kings,on the one hand,and,on the other,you did not pay heed to the decline of the negligent rulers. I am afraid,my Lord,that in light of your practice of perverse policies,those in office do not presum e to contest your policies,and therefore the altars of soil and grain w ill be destroyed and your ancestral shrine w ill be endangered.”

The Duke said: “I was unw ise. I would like to follow the instructions of the Chief Judge.”^[2]

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注釋

[1]The ancient Three Dynasties: Xia 夏 2205–1766 BCE,Shang 商 or Yin 殷 1766–1123 BCE and Zhou 周 1122–249 BCE.

[2]Om it 國內之祿,所收者三也 (JS,29/12).