1.1.2 結(jié)構(gòu)與邏輯

在聽懂講座的中心后，下一步就要聽懂全文的結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯。講座所選取的文章一般具有很強(qiáng)的線性結(jié)構(gòu)性，一般為經(jīng)典的主題句 +分論點(diǎn) +論據(jù)形式：

·Introduction

—Opening (general / traditional concept)

—Thesis Statement/Definition

—Classi.cation

·Supporting Idea A/Classification 1

—Definition

—Examples 1/2/3/4/5…

·Supporting Idea B/Classification 2

—Definition

—Examples 1/2/3/4/5…

·Supporting Idea C/Classification 3

—Definition

—Examples 1/2/3/4/5…

·Conclusion

—Brief Review of the Lecture

在提出中心論點(diǎn)后，講座一般會(huì)將分論點(diǎn)組成平行結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行論述，即每個(gè)分論點(diǎn)都會(huì)由相似的內(nèi)容組成，包括對(duì)分論點(diǎn)或者分概念的名詞定義以及舉例說明。此時(shí)記錄的重點(diǎn)在于分論點(diǎn)的定義及例證的概括內(nèi)容，例證中的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容，比如具體的描述或者數(shù)字，一般在填空中很少涉及。

如何在信息龐雜的講座中識(shí)別結(jié)構(gòu)呢？這就要靠尋找關(guān)鍵信號(hào)詞，即表示邏輯關(guān)系，比如表示順序、例證、轉(zhuǎn)折、原因結(jié)果、歸納總結(jié)等關(guān)系的詞。在專八聽力中常出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵信號(hào)詞如下：

a. 順序及列舉

first, second, third….

first of all, the second point, thirdly…

b. 例證

for example, take…as an example

c. 轉(zhuǎn)折

however, although, but

d. 原因結(jié)果

because, so, therefore, as a result

e. 歸納總結(jié)

in conclusion

f. 對(duì)比及比較

in comparison, by contrast, is different from

g. 解釋與說明

that is to say, that is

鑒于歷年專八的講座題結(jié)構(gòu)都很相似，并有規(guī)律可循，在平時(shí)訓(xùn)練中可以采取以下方式進(jìn)行精聽練習(xí)：

1.只聽信號(hào)詞。在不看文本的情況下只聽講座中的關(guān)鍵信號(hào)詞，尤其注意表示結(jié)構(gòu)及邏輯關(guān)系的詞匯，聽到一個(gè)信號(hào)詞記錄一個(gè)。

2.圈劃信號(hào)詞。在第一遍聽力后，對(duì)照原文的文本，圈劃信號(hào)詞并與第一遍記錄下的信號(hào)詞進(jìn)行對(duì)比。

3.整理信號(hào)詞。將聽力和圈劃的信號(hào)詞按照文章結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行整理，并填補(bǔ)信號(hào)詞后的信息句，寫作大綱。

比如下面這段：

First, go to the library and read other works by the same author. Second, get to know something about what sort of meanings seem to be common in literary works in that particular tradition and at that time. In other words, we need to find out what the literary trends were in those days. And last, get to know what were the cultural values and symbols of the time. I guess you can understand the author's meaning much more clearly after you do the related background research.

第一遍注意聽：First, Second, In other words, And last.

第二遍圈劃以上詞匯，注意平行結(jié)構(gòu)。

第三遍整理大綱如下：

1st 1library, read works by the same author

2nd meanings, common, in that particular tradition and at that time (in other words) literary trends

3rd cultural values and symbols of the time

再比如下面這段包含大量平行及對(duì)比結(jié)構(gòu)的段落：

Thirdly, art can reflect a culture's religious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art was almost the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings that showed people and stories from the Bible. By contrast, one of the main characteristics of the art in the Mid-East was and still is its absence of human and animal images. This reflects the Islamic belief that these images are unholy. Thus, on palaces, mosques and other buildings, Islamic artists have created unique decoration of great beauty with images of flowers and geometric forms, for example, circles, squares and triangles. The same is true of other places, like Africa and the Pacific islands. Art also reflects the religious beliefs of traditional cultures in these places. As a matter of fact, religion is the purpose for this art and is, therefore, absolutely essential to it. Traditional art in Africa and the Pacific Islands is different from Christian art. Christian art influences people's religious feelings towards God. But the goal of traditional art in Africa and the Pacific islands is the influence of spiritual power, that is gods to enter people's lives. Each tribe or village there has special ceremonies with songs and dances to make sure that crops, animals and people are healthy and in increasing number. The dancers in the ceremonies wear masks, headdresses and costumes that they believe are necessary to influence gods. So these masks and headdresses themselves are a very part of the art.

第一遍注意聽：Thirdly, For hundreds of years in Europe, By contrast, Thus, also, for example, As a matter of fact, therefore, is different from, But, So

第二遍圈劃以上詞匯。注意出現(xiàn)的表示因果關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系及對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯。

第三遍整理大綱如下：

Ⅲ. Art：reflect a culture's religious beliefs

e.g. (For hundreds of years) Europe: religious art—only type existed religious buildings (churches): people & stories from Bible

(By contrast) Middle-East: absence of human and animal images

(Islamic: unholy)

(Thus) unique decoration: flowers, geometric forms

((for example) circles, squares, triangles)

(Also) Africa & the Pacific islands: religious beliefs of traditional cultures

(As a matter of fact) religion=purpose of arts

(therefore) essential (different): —Christian art: influences peoples religious feelings towards God

(but) —A&P: influence of spiritual power, gods to enter people's lives

e.g. songs, dances=animals & people healthy and increasing

dancers: masks, headdresses & costumes—to influence gods—

(So) are a very part of the art