List 3

v. 環繞；包圍

例 When the car stopped in the town square, it was surrounded by soldiers and militiamen. 那輛汽車停在城鎮廣場時立刻被士兵和民兵包圍了。

n. 1 地平線 2 范圍，界限 3 眼界

例 The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. 最初，探索地平線之外的世界的好奇心驅使著波利尼西亞人來到夏威夷海岸，如今同樣的好奇心也在驅使著天文學家去探索天空。

v. 1 犯（罪） 2 承諾，忠于

例 Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes into their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, as a rejection of middle-class values. 強調社會作用的理論認為兒童的犯罪行為是因為他們未能如愿地提高自己的社會經濟地位，或者是因為他們排斥中產階級的價值觀。

n. 承諾；責任

例 The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a long-standing commitment to abide by the state's strict nuclear regulations. 作為新英格蘭地區主要的能源供應商，該公司引起了佛蒙特人民的公憤，因為上周它宣稱將不再履行“遵守該州嚴格的核安全規則”這一長期承諾。

n. 目的地

例 Only half of the emergency supplies have reached their destination. 僅有一半的緊急救援物資運抵了目的地。

adj. 1 公民的；民用的 2 文明的

例1 A working group at the International Civil Aviation Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines. 國際民航組織的一個工作小組已經考慮了在新的操作指南藍本中加入編隊飛行的可能性。

例2 John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. 哈佛肯尼迪學院的約翰·多納休指出，西方公眾服務的文化準則適合那些謀求穩定的人，但不利于成功人士。

n. 禮貌；客套；禮儀

例 The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity. 在追求公認的文明禮儀和精湛技能的過程中，新英格蘭殖民地發生了許多重要的事情。

n. 職業，行業

例 The medical profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. 醫療行業正在采取措施，要求年輕醫生到臨終安養院進行培訓，以測試強效疼痛管理療法方面的知識，制定用于醫院護理的醫療計費規范以及用于評估和治療臨終時的疼痛的新標準。

v. 移居國外

例 Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. 許多研究表明，發展中國家受過良好教育的人尤其可能移民。

n. 移居國外

例 Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 從17世紀到18世紀早期的這一百年里，一股移民潮從歐洲橫掃至美洲——這是歷史上一場大規模的人口遷徙。

n. 經銷商，商人

例 In the late 1800s, British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers' stores in Athens, Greece. 19世紀末期，英國考古學家亞瑟·埃文爵士逐一搜尋了希臘雅典的古玩店。

n. 經銷商

例 From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. 由于購物者削減了支出，從汽車經銷商到Gap折扣店，數月以來的銷量一直滯緩。

adj. 最初的；開始的 n. 首字母

例 Their initial exchange of letters set the tone for their relationship as student and mentor. 他們最初的書信來往奠定了他們師生關系的基調。

adv. 起初

例 At Boston College, you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department. Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on. 在波士頓大學，從其他學院轉到護理學院要多修一年課程。休學一年，一開始就找準興趣所在，會減少后期的壓力和開支。

n. 業余愛好者

例 It was hard for amateurs to make entrance to professional geological journals, and this has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing. 業余人士很難進入專業性的地質學雜志，而審稿制度的全面引進更使此難上加難。

n. 論壇

例 Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. 在為國家移民論壇撰稿時，格雷戈里·羅德里格斯就指出，當今的移民形勢既沒有處于空前的水平，也不抵制同化。

n. 1 和諧；融洽 2 和聲

例1 Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the post-war Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. 戰后日本的生產率和社會和諧均為美國和歐洲所稱羨，因此漫無目標很難說是其特征。

例2 Beethoven's importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. 貝多芬在音樂方面的重要性主要在于其作品的革命性。他使音樂擺脫了早期盛行的和聲與結構的束縛。

adj. 和諧的

例 The government puts great emphasis on seeking harmonious development between cities and the environment, and is readjusting the energy structure by giving priority to the development of clean and low-carbon energies. 政府十分重視城市與環境的和諧發展，并且正在重整能源結構，優先發展清潔、低碳的能源。

v. 裝飾

例 Hilton is building his own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive. 希爾頓正在那兒建自己的酒店，而且一定會配備哈姆雷特漢堡酒吧、李爾休息室、班科宴會廳等，這些地方的消費水平會很高。

n. 裝飾（品）

例 When one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression. 當我們看到由無家可歸者所創造的花園的照片時，我們感到了深深的震撼：這些花園風格多樣，除了用來裝飾和表達創造力之外，還道出了人類一些其他的根本需求。

v. 1 搜集，采集 2 積聚；聚集

例 In the U.S. and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling. 在美國和加拿大，死亡權利運動正在積蓄力量，觀察者們正在等待多米諾骨牌開始倒下。

adj. 抽象的 n. 摘要

例 The anthropological concept of "culture", like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 人類學中的“文化”概念就像數學中的“集合”概念一樣，是一個使大量的具體研究和理解成為可能的抽象概念。

n./v. 評論；批評，批判

例 The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. 網絡計算機是一臺奇妙的機器。它既是生產的方式也是營銷的途徑，既是接收信息的站點也是發表評論的平臺，具備這種功能的媒體機器還是第一次出現。

conj. 然而，盡管，但是

例 The legal issues in the case are obscure: Whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say the Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. 該事件涉及的法律問題很模糊，盡管最高法院已經判定各州對核電站的確有一定的監管權，但法律學者們認為，佛蒙特州案件會成為考量州政府核監管權限的一個先例。

adj. 有志向的；野心勃勃的

例 One ambitious company called the Media Development Investment Fund （MDIF） planned to turn the age of online computing on its head by giving free web access to every person on Earth. 媒體發展投資基金公司（MDIF）非常有野心，他們計劃為全球的所有人提供免費網絡，讓在線計算的時代發生完全變革。

v. 計劃，打算

例1 After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally—which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 per cent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying. 購物約40分鐘以后，大多數人就不再努力做出理性選擇，轉而開始沖動購物——有一半我們原本根本沒想買的東西是在這個時候放進購物車的。

例2 If you intend using humour in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. 如果你想在談話中用幽默來使人發笑，你就必須知道如何找到與聽眾共有的經歷和問題。

n. 殘障；障礙

v. 妨礙；阻礙

例 We all know that without the fierce competition we will never have the motivation to overcome handicap. 我們都知道，沒有激烈的競爭，我們將永遠不會有動力去克服障礙。

n. 寬度；廣度

例 The report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate. 這份報告很可能會阻礙改革，因為它沒有弄清國會要求其闡明的問題的深度和廣度。

v. 訓練 n. 1 教練 2 長途汽車

例1 There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win. 千差萬別的企業中有許許多多的首席執行官，但他們大多數都把自己視為教練，把企業當作自己的團隊，他們想贏。

例2 Once upon a time, the only American public-sector workers who earned well above $250,000 a year were university sports coaches and the president of the United States. 以前，美國公共部門的員工中，只有大學體育教練和總統的年收入能超過25萬美元。

v. 緩和，減輕

例 The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. 對于如何用藥物減輕病危患者的痛苦這個問題而言，最高法庭關于醫生協助病人結束生命這一問題的裁決具有重要意義。

v. （把…）集中（于）（~on） n. 焦點，重點；集中點

例1 In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements. 在我的研究項目中，女性對丈夫抱怨最多的并不是一些切實存在的不平等現象，比如她們為了陪伴丈夫而放棄了自己工作的機會，或者她們承擔了遠多于自己分內的生活任務，如打掃衛生、做飯、社交安排等。

例2 "What people don't realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain", says Pillay. 皮萊說：“人們沒有意識到，為了完成任務，他們需要把大腦中管集中精力和管一心多用的這兩條線路都動用起來。”

n. 生活，生計

例 Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. 更確切地說，我們對美國公民有某種認知，即公民如果不能很恰當地認識到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到身外之物的影響的，那么其公民特征就是不完整的。

n. 磨坊；工廠

例 The Mill on the Floss is one of the early works of the famous English writer George Eliot. 《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》是英國著名女作家喬治·艾略特的早期作品之一。

adj. 豐富的，大量的，充裕的

例 There are abundant opportunities for well qualified staff. 工作能力強的員工擁有大量的機會。

n. 豐富，充裕

例 Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organised, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. 米斯的這句名言的意思是，如果安排合理，簡單裝飾也能比過多裝飾更有效果。他相信，優雅并非源自豐富。

adv. 1 大量地 2 十分地；充分地 3 顯而易見

例 Koelzer made it abundantly clear that anybody who disagrees with his policies will not last long. 凱爾澤十分明確地表示，任何不同意他的政策的人都堅持不了多久。

adj. 依賴的，依靠的

例 As a result of these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programmes and putting them into effect. 在這些因素的作用下，政府正越來越多地依靠生物學家和社會科學家來制定和實施適當的計劃。

n. 地帶，區域

例 Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation. 市場已經喪失了這種信念，即無論強弱，歐元區經濟體只要本著使用統一貨幣的原則，避免那些缺乏競爭力的國家采取貨幣貶值這一權宜之計，有朝一日定能實現統一。

n. 方法；技術

例 To find the sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. 如今，考古學家找到遺址主要依賴的是系統的勘察方法和各種高科技設備和技術。

n. 1 分開，劃分 2 除法 3 分歧

例1 The narrowness of the government's victory reflected deep division within the Party. 政府勉強獲勝反映出黨內的嚴重分歧。

例2 We use division when we want to separate objects into groups of equal size. 當我們想把物品分成若干等份時，我們可以用除法。

n. 1 細繩 2 弦 3 一連串，一系列 v. 用（線、鏈等）穿起來

例 A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management. 從冷卻塔的部分倒塌到地下管道系統發現泄露等一系列事件的發生，使人們嚴重懷疑佛蒙特揚基核電站的安全問題和安特吉公司的管理狀況。

v. 拖，拽 n. 1 累贅；拖累 2 阻力

例 The air flowing over a bird's wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. 氣流在劃過鳥類雙翼時會在翼尾的后面轉而向上流動，這種現象叫作上升流。在上升流中飛行的鳥阻力減小，推動自身前進時消耗的能量也較少。

n. 1 部分 2 階層 v. 把…切成片/分成段

例 This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. 該法案廢除了對聯邦陪審員特殊學歷的要求，并要求從社會各個階層的民眾中隨機挑選陪審員。

n. 1 革命 2 天體運行

例 Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life, but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared. 拉爾夫·拉普森可能對機械革命給人們日常生活帶來的影響做出了錯誤的預測，但他相信自給自足不僅是人們渴望的，也是不可避免的，這個信念得到了人們的廣泛認可。

adj. 革命性的

例 A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears. 一個世紀前，弗洛伊德闡述了其革命性的理論，即夢是人們潛意識中的欲望和恐懼經過偽裝后的影子。

v. 為…懊悔；對…表示遺憾 n. 懊悔；遺憾；歉意

例 Makill regretted the manner he had treated Hulcy before, that was improper and childish and he was sure that would not happen again. 馬基爾為他以前對待赫爾西的態度感到抱歉，他的態度是不適當的，而且很孩子氣，他保證不會再發生了。

n./v. 傾向，趨勢

例 In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H＆M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. 在過去十年左右的時間里，科技的進步使得諸如Zara、H＆M和優衣庫之類的大眾市場品牌能夠更加快速地對流行趨勢做出反應，并能更準確地預知（消費者的）需求。

n./v. 忽視，忽略

例 To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church—important subjects that we may not neglect. 通過這個途徑來了解新英格蘭人，通常意味著要首先研究清教徒的神學創新和他們對教會的獨特看法——這是我們不可忽略的重要課題。

n./v. 1 喜愛 2 特殊照顧 3 贊同；支持

例1 Fully 76 per cent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favour of isolated, two-generation households. 在日本，1億1,900萬人當中，足足有76%的人居住在城市，在那里社區和幾世同堂的大家庭已經成為過去，取而代之的是獨門獨戶的兩代之家。

例2 Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. 在游說的壓力之下，喬治·奧斯本支持在鄉村建造新住房而非改造和翻新城市原有住房。

adj. 1 肯定的，贊許的 2 有利的

例 Our country's biotechnology industry has seen rapid development in recent years, but a more favourable environment is needed to attract investors to the capital-thirsty industry, according to a new study. 一項新的研究表明，我國的生物技術產業近年來有了快速的發展，但是這個“求資若渴”的行業還是需要更加有利的投資環境來吸引投資者進行投資。

n. 1 構成 2 化妝（品）

例 Skin moisturisers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup. 保濕霜被宣揚為每日晨間化妝的用品之一，悄悄成為梳頭和上妝之間的一個程序。

n. 機構，協會，學會 v. 開始；實行

例 The experts from the Research Institute of Environmental Protection made an investigation on how to prevent air pollution and water pollution in this area. 來自環境保護調查協會的專家對如何預防這個地區的空氣污染和水污染進行了調查。

n./v. 1 改變 2 移動

例 One source predicts no major shift in policy will be forthcoming at the committee hearings. 一位知情人士預測，委員會聽證會不會在政策上做出重大轉變。

adj. 奇異的，古怪的

例 In the night market, there are not only food and clothes, but also weird ornaments and all stuffs. 夜市不但有美食和服飾，甚至還有一些稀奇古怪的飾品和各種東西。

v. 選舉；選擇 adj. 1 精選的 2 候任的

例 I shall define intellectual as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems. 我會把知識分子定義為這樣的人，即他們選擇對道德問題進行蘇格拉底式的思考，并將此作為自己人生的首要任務和樂趣。

n. 選舉

例 And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. 政治家的政治生命也取決于奴隸制。正是由于這個五分之三公式（在國會選舉中，一個奴隸的選票可以算作五分之三個公民的選票），才增加了選舉團中南方諸州的票數，從而幫助杰斐遜在1800年的總統選舉中險勝。

adj. 額外的；附加的 n. 額外的事物

例 The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. 《科學》雜志的主編馬西婭·麥克納特今天宣布，該雜志將在同行評審程序中額外增加一輪統計數據核查。

n. 喜好；偏愛（的事物）

例 Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the advertising industry cannot collect information about their preferences. 美國廣告協會首席執行官鮑勃·里奧迪斯稱，如果廣告行業不能收集有關用戶偏好的信息，那么這對于消費者來說將更為不利。

n. 比較；對比

例 A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. 對過去一個半世紀的英國地質學領域的出版物做一下比較就會發現，我們不僅是對科研的主導地位的重視在不斷提升，而且對一篇可接受的科研論文所含內容的定義也有所變化。

adj. 相當的，可相比的；同等的，可相提并論的

例 The author believes that exploring one's phone contents is comparable to getting into one's residence. 這位作者認為窺測一個人的手機內容等同于侵入一個人的居所。

n. 危機

例 Toyota Motor, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites. 豐田汽車公司在其汽車召回危機中，利用比較快速和精心策劃的社交媒體公關活動，包括在一些網站上直接與消費者交流，減少了那次危機造成的一些損失。

v. 延長

例 The report identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonour the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. 該報告指出了醫院臨終醫護存在的兩個問題，即對病痛處理不力和盲目大膽地使用“有可能延長死亡時間甚至讓死亡過程蒙羞的無效并且強制性的醫療程序”。

adj. 生動的，逼真的，清晰的

例 The brain is as active during REM （rapid eye movement） sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake, says Dr Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. 匹茲堡大學的埃里克·諾夫辛格博士說，在出現清晰夢境的快速眼動睡眠中，大腦和完全清醒時一樣活躍。

adj. 1 明確的；肯定的 2 積極的 3 建設性的

例 Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers' lives, and it's essential to making new products commercially viable. 培養良好的習慣是改善消費者生活水平的一個重要部分，這也是使新產品具有商業可行性的必要條件。

n. 1 被捕食的動物，獵物 2 受害者，受騙者 v. 捕食

例 Time was when biologists somewhat overworded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species. 有證據表明，這些生物通過殺死體弱者來保持物種的健康，或者說它們僅僅捕食“沒有價值的”物種；曾經有一段時間，生物學家或多或少濫用了這一證據。

n. 1 范圍 2 機會 v. 了解；查清

例1 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. 在過去的25年里英文報紙發生的所有變化中，影響最為深遠的或許就是文藝報道的范圍勢不可擋地縮減，而且嚴肅性也不斷下降。

例2 The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. 聯邦巡回法院的舉措是在最高法院最近頒布的一系列決議之后出現的，這些決議縮小了專利持有人的受保護范圍。

n. 課程

例 To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. 為了鼓勵創新和競爭，該報告呼吁加大科研投入，精心設計連貫的、能提高學生解決問題與有效溝通能力的課程，增加對教師資源的資金投入，鼓勵學者們將才學用于應對當今社會的巨大挑戰。

n. 線索

例 At Columbia University, Dr Linsy Farris and his colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. 哥倫比亞大學的林賽·法里斯博士和他的同事們正在研究眼淚，尋找診斷眼部以外其他部位疾病的線索。

adj. 1 差的，次的 2 級別低的 n. 下級，下屬

例 This new rule resulted in overpriced and often inferior products. 這項新規定導致出現了標價過高而質量往往低劣的產品。

n. 低等；劣等；劣勢

例 This view seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalisation of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. 這種說法似乎使我們可以很正當地去忽視那些需要幫助的人，去使剝削合理化，使上層人變得更優越，而底層人變得更加弱勢。

n. 評論家，批評家

例 The critics think that the new awards will most benefit the founders of the new awards. 批評者認為新的獎項將最有利于新獎項的設立者。

adj. 1 關鍵的 2 批評的

例 It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years. 直到20世紀80年代中期，當強調年齡和性別差異成為兒童用品市場的主要銷售戰略時，粉紅色才真正盛行起來，成為定義女性特征的一部分，至少在最初的關鍵幾年里是這樣，它好像天生就對女孩有吸引力。

n./v. 保證

例 If you send the application form in straight away, I can guarantee you an interview. 如果你馬上把申請表寄過去，我可以保證你會有一個面試的機會。

n./v. 犧牲

例1 If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. 如果抱負要得到高度的重視，那么它的回報——財富、聲望、對個人命運的掌握——則必須被認為是值得為之做出犧牲的。

例2 The designers have sacrificed speed for fuel economy. 設計者為節省燃料犧牲了速度。

n. 1 斑點；污漬 2 地點，處所 v. 看出；認出

例 Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. 地球上散落分布著100多個互不相連的小火山活動區，這些火山活動區被地質學家稱為熱點。

v. 鋪，鋪砌，鋪筑

例 If there is a role for government, it should really be getting involved in providing common goods—making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools. 如果說政府應該在這類活動中扮演某個角色，那就是應該參與提供常規支持——確保有足夠的空間作為運動場地，有充足的經費用于鋪設網球場和無網籃球場，并且鼓勵學校為學生提供這些活動。

n. 1 外形；輪廓 2 提綱，綱要 v. 1 畫輪廓 2 概述

例 Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made. 既然你已經為初步確定的論文構思了主題，就可以開始整理要點，充實已擬好的提綱了。

adj. 清醒的；有意識的；意識到的

例 And one leading authority says that dreams—these intensely powerful mental events—can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. 一位主要的權威人士說，夢這種異常強烈的精神活動不僅能被駕馭，事實上我們還可以有意識地對其加以控制，以幫助我們睡得更好，感覺更棒。

adj. 無知覺的；無意識的

例 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. 習慣是一件有趣的事情。我們會無意識地按習慣行事，將大腦設置為自動導航模式，輕松進入熟知套路所帶來的無意識的舒適狀態。

n. 意識；神志清醒

例 These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning "mind-manifesting"), which seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness. 這些物質常被稱為“迷幻劑”（該詞源于希臘語，指“心靈顯現”），它們似乎能完全改變人的意識狀態。

v. 給…提供娛樂/消遣

例 I need distractions. I need to amuse myself so I won't keep thinking about that thing. 我需要點事情來分散我的注意力，我需要消遣一下，讓自己不去想那件事。

n. 申請人

例 If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners. 如果我們知道女性審查員更有可能拒絕有魅力的女性申請者，我們就能幫助審查員認識到她們的偏見，或者從外部聘請審查人員。

v. 1 冒犯 2 令人不適 3 違反，違背

例 By then, there will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 到那時，由機器人主持的電視訪談節目以及裝有污染監控器的汽車將會出現，一旦這些汽車排污超標，監控器就會使其停駛。

adj. 代表性的，典型的

例 The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three. 聯邦巡回法院罕見地裁定，該案件將不再由典型的三人陪審團聽審，而是由全部12名法官共同聽審。

n. 1 灌溉 2 [醫]沖洗

例 Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. 即使不建大型水壩，水力發電、治理洪水以及灌溉也是可能的。

v. 1 保護，保衛 2 擋住，遮住 n. 防御物；盾

例 Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. 由于醫療費用由第三方支付，我們常常要求用盡所有的醫療手段，即使它們不會有任何作用。

n. 裂縫 v. 使破裂，使裂開；崩潰

例 In February, the Federal Trade Commission （FTC） and the Digital Advertising Alliance （DAA） agreed that the industry （browser R＆D industry） would get cracking on responding to DNT （"do not track"） requests. 二月份，聯邦貿易委員會和數字廣告聯盟達成了一致意見，即該行業（瀏覽器研發行業）將開始對“禁止追蹤”的相關提議做出回應。

n. 設施，設備

例 My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. 我所在的醫院系統已禁止在其相關設施中供應含糖飲料。

adj. 事實的，真實的

例 The documentary films are often able to present factual events or circumstances of a social, political, or historical nature. 紀錄片往往能再現真實的事件或某些社會、政治、歷史情況的本來面目。

n. 老百姓，平民 adj. 民用的；平民的

例 Both the two cartoonists emphasised the dirt and exhaustion of war, the fragments of civilisation that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 兩位漫畫家都側重描寫戰爭的丑陋和損耗，還有士兵之間以及他們與當地百姓共享生活的片段，即喝咖啡、抽雪茄、品威士忌、同吃同住。

v. 征服；攻克；戰勝

例 Petrarch celebrated the greatness of the classical heroes in conquering fortune and rising to the top in his book De Viris Illustribus—On Famous Men. 皮特拉克在其《名人列傳》中歌頌了那些名垂青史的英雄們掌控自己命運并奮斗到社會頂層的偉大事跡。

v. 比…更重要；比…更有價值

例 The medical benefits of x-rays far outweigh the risk of having them. X光在醫學上的益處遠甚于它帶來的風險。

n. 農民

例 Economic reform has brought relative wealth to peasant farmers. 經濟改革給農民帶來了相對的財富。

n. 簡單，樸素

例 Downshifting—also known in America as "voluntary simplicity"—has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. 具有諷刺意味的是，“放慢生活節奏”——在美國也稱“自愿簡單化”——甚至孕育了一個嶄新的，可稱之為反消費主義的生活方式。

n. 突破；重大進展

例 Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. 通過研究，皮爾遜能夠指出大多數可預見的突破的發生時間。

v. 完成，實現，達到

例 In fact, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the opposite. 事實上，不同于鍛煉可以拉緊肌肉使之強健，笑很明顯會產生相反的作用。

n. 成就；完成

例 The accomplishment of the project gave me more motivation and confidence to continue my study. 這個項目的完成使我有更大的動力和信心繼續學習。

n. 學說；理論；原理

例 Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. 在英國博物學家查爾斯·達爾文19世紀60年代提出開創性的生物進化論的同時，英國社會哲學家赫伯特·斯賓塞也提出了自己的生物和文化進化理論。

adj. 海洋的，航海的 n. 海軍陸戰隊士兵，海運業

例 The sinking of the tanker has made aspects of marine pollution particularly topical. 油輪的沉沒使得海洋污染的方方面面都成為眼下大家尤為關注的熱點話題。

adj. 1 非常嚴重的 2 巨大的；厚重的

例 Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities. 今年，幾起客戶和員工信息的重大泄露事件使得管理人員匆忙檢查其復雜的信息系統和業務流程，以找到潛在的安全隱患。