第二節 英語句子結構特點——英語學習核心部分

眾所周知，英語不同于漢語的最大特點在于它的結構性，英語的每一句話都是由結構來完成的。而漢語則是意合性語言，雖然也有句型之類的，但不一定受結構的約束。所以，要想學好和考好英語，就必須首先掌握好英語的句子結構特點，結構搞清楚了，其他的只是螺絲釘的問題了，所以說句子結構是我們學習英語語言知識的核心部分。為了全面了解句子結構的特點，本節主要通過句子的七大基本句型、四大功能和五大結構以及三大轉換方式等全面破解英語結構的奧秘。

一、句型結構（Classified by Patterns）

英語屬于結構性語言，無論句子多么復雜多變，其核心句型結構總共只有七個。

句型一：主語+謂語

其特點在于動詞為不及物動詞，即不需要賓語就能表達完整意思。

e. g. Spring has come.

句型二：主語+謂語+主語的補足語

即通常說的表語，其謂語主要為Be動詞或類似于Be動詞的半系動詞。

e. g. The movie was wonderful.

Reading is a pleasant thing.

注意：類似于Be動詞的半系動詞常見的有：

1．表示“變成，變得”：become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn

2．表示保持著某種狀態：continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay

3．表示“看起來，好像”：appear, look, seem

4．感官動詞，表示感覺：feel, smell, sound, taste

句型三：主語+謂語+賓語

該句型的特點是謂語為及物動詞，必須帶賓語意思才能完整。

e. g. Walls have ears.

She is making cakes.

句型四：主語+謂語+賓語+賓語的補足語

雙賓語句型，其中后面的賓語是對前面賓語的補充說明，所以常稱為賓語補足語。

e. g. Mary always makes everyone happy.

They appointed Tom manager of our company.

注意：常見的后面跟賓補的動詞有：appoint, make, elect, call, name, catch, choose, declare, fancy, feel, find, imagine, judge, keep, know, leave, prove, suppose, believe, consider, think

e. g. Don't imagine yourself to be always correct．不要以為自己總是對的。

句型五：主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語

雙賓語句型，一個指人，作間接賓語，常放在直接賓語前面；一個指物，作直接賓語，常放在間接賓語后面，有時也可以通過介詞to或of互換位置。

e. g. Jim bought Mary a bunch of flowers.

He sent some flowers to his girlfriend.

Jack has reserved a single room for me.

注意，下面這些詞都是可以帶雙賓語的動詞

1．award, bring, feed, give, grant, hand, lend, offer, pass, promise, read, sell, send, serve, show, teach, take, tell, write，這些動詞后面跟雙賓語時，間接賓語在前面不用加介詞，直接賓語放前面時，后面加上介詞to,～sth. to sb.

e. g. The school awarded Merry a prize for her good work．學校因為梅麗工作好而獎勵了她。

Please send a card to me．請寄一張明信片來。

2．下面這組動詞表示為某人做某事，所以直接賓語放前面時，后面要加上介詞for（sth. for sb.）: buy, cook, find, fix, knit, order, post, book, reserve, save, spare.

e. g. Jack ordered a TV set for me yesterday．杰克昨天幫我訂購了一臺電視機。

句型六：There be句型（主要用來表達“存在有”概念，常見四大句法功能）

1．There be+sb./sth. in...（注意Be動詞的單復數，采用就近原則）

e. g. There are 50 students and a teacher in the classroom.

There is a teacher and 50 students in the classroom.

2．There be+sb./sth.+從句或非謂語

e. g. There are five candidates（who are going）to take part in the protest．有五位候選人參加抗議活動。

There were 36 people（who were）killed in the traffic accident last week．上周的交通事故中有36人遇難。

There are thousands of people（who are）dancing in the street．成千上萬的人們在街頭舞蹈。

3．There be+變化+某個方面（常用來描述各種增減變化的句型）

e. g. There was a sharp decrease in the price of houses in many big cities in the second quarter of this year．許多大城市的房價在第二季度出現了大幅跌落。

4．There can be no doubt that...（主要用來在包裝各類句子時使用）

There is no denying that...

e. g. There can be no doubt that English is of great importance especially in our modern society．毫無疑問英語在現代社會格外重要。

句型七：It句型（英語特色句型，常見六大句法功能）

1．形式主語

（1）結構上為了避免頭重腳輕；

（2）語義上表達說話人對做某事的態度和評價。

It is+n（v-ed/adj．）+that從句/to do/（for sb./of sb.）to do.

e. g. It is my great honor to give a speech on so special an occasion.

在如此特別的場合演講是我莫大的榮幸。

It is said/reported that the new railway station will have been completed by the end of next month．據說/據報道，新火車站將于下月底完工。

It is so brave of Jack to enter into the burning house to rescue people．杰克沖進著火的房子救人，真是太勇敢了。（形容詞brave修飾邏輯主語Jack，介詞用of。）

It's very dangerous for children to cross a busy street．讓孩子們穿越繁忙的街道是危險的。（形容詞修飾真正主語“to cross the busy street”，介詞用for。）

It depends on our efforts whether we can succeed this time．我們這次能否成功取決于我們的努力。

2．形式賓語

（1）結構上，為了避免頭重腳輕。

（2）語義上，表達某人認為/發現/察覺做某事方便/快捷/容易……；某物使某事做起來方便/快捷/容易/簡單……。

主語+謂語+it+賓補+真正賓語

e. g. We find it quite possible to pass the postgraduate examination within only half a year．我們覺得在半年的時間里通過研究生考試是有可能的。

Subway makes it convenient for us to go to work．地鐵讓我們上班方便。

3．強調句型：It is/was+被強調成分（主語、賓語、狀語）+that（who）+句子剩余成分

e. g. It was on Monday night that all this happened．這一切就發生在周一晚上。

It is our choices that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities．決定我們一生的，不是我們的能力，而是我們的選擇。

4．It is+時間+before從句：主要表達“還有多久就……，過多久才……”

e. g. It is only three days before the conference starts．距大會開幕還有三天。

It is two years before they accept the fact．兩年過去他們才接受這個事實。

5．It is+時間+since從句

當從句的謂語動詞是瞬間性動詞時，表達肯定含義，意為“自從……多久了”

當從句的謂語動詞是延續性動詞時，表達否定含義，意為“多久未……”。

e. g. It is three years since he became a doctor．他成為一名醫生已經有三年了。

It is three years since he was a doctor．他不當醫生三年了。

6．It is time（for sb.）to do sth.

It is（about, good, high）time+that從句：that從句中的謂語動詞用虛擬語氣，含有某事早該去做而未做，現在去做似乎都為時已晚的意思。

e. g. It is time for you to clean the blackboard．該你擦黑板了。

It is time to go to bed.

It is time that you went to bed.

It is high time that we took action．是時候采取行動了。

二、四大功能（Classified by Functions）

根據句子的作用，我們常把句子分為以下四大功能。

1．陳述句（Declarative Sentence）

主要用來陳述事實或表達觀點的句子。

I did not sleep well last night.

He went to London to pass his holiday.

Tom has not many friends here．湯姆在這里朋友不多。

2．疑問句（Interrogative Sentence）

疑問句是指對某一事實或觀點提出疑問，或就交流中某一特定對象提出疑問。疑問句常用的有以下幾種。

1）一般疑問句。一般疑問句通常用來詢問一件事情是否屬實，答句通常是“yes或no”。

e. g. Are you fond of traveling?

2）特殊疑問句。以疑問詞開頭，對句中某一成分提問的句子叫特殊疑問句。

e. g. What are you looking for?

3）選擇疑問句。選擇疑問句提出兩個或兩個以上可能的答案供對方選擇。

e. g. Do you like tea or coffee?

Which ice cream do you like, chocolate, vanilla or strawberry?

4）反義疑問句。又叫附加疑問句，是指當提問的人對前面所敘述的事實不敢肯定，而需要向對方加以證實時所提出的問句。

e. g. It is a nice day, isn't it?

5）修辭問句。即一般不需要回答的疑問句（聽力題?？迹??？隙ㄒ蓡柧?否定陳述句；否定疑問句=肯定陳述句。

e. g. What is the use of worrying about such a thing?

=It is no use worrying about such a thing.

Who doesn't desire happiness?

=Everyone desires happiness.

3．祈使句（Imperative Sentence）

主要用來表達命令、建議、請求等意思的句子。

Don't judge a book by its cover．不要以貌取人。

4．感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentence）

1）How+形容詞或副詞+主語+動詞！

How beautiful the girl is！

How beautifully the girl dances！

2）How+形容詞+a（n）+單數名詞+主語+動詞！

How beautiful a flower it is! How I hate exams！

3）what+a（n）+（形容詞）+單數名詞+主語+動詞！

What a bright daughter you have！

4）what+（形容詞）+復數名詞+主語+動詞！

What large eyes she has！

注：有時候個別祈使句可以細分為祈愿句（Optative Sentence）。

God bless you！上帝保佑你。

Long live Chairman Mao！毛主席萬歲！

May you succeed！祝你成功！

三、五大句子結構（Classified by Structure）

根據句子復雜程度，我們常常把句子分為以下五種結構。

1．簡單句（Simple Sentence）

由一個（組）主語和一個（組）動詞所組成，不含從屬分句的獨立分句。

e. g. The changes in the last two centuries are amazing.

The boy and his sister study and play together.

2．并列句（Compound Sentence）

1）用并列連詞連接并列分句：and, but, or, for。

I was going to write, but I lost your address.

我本來要寫信的，可是把你的地址弄丟了。

2）用分號連接的并列分句。

A wise student studies his lesson; and unwise one wastes his time.

3．復合句（Complex Sentence）

1）主句+賓語從句

He found what he had been looking for.

2）主句+定語從句

I'll never forget the village where I spent my childhood.

3）主句+狀語從句

She has been happy since she got married.

4．并列復合句（Compound Complex Sentence）

1）復合句+簡單句

Say you are sorry, and I'll forgive you.

2）復合句+復合句

You may ask him to help if you like, but I think you had better do it yourself.

5．分詞短語+主句或獨立主格結構（Independent Genitive）+主句

1）分詞短語+主句。分詞短語此時相當于一個狀語從句，表達時間、條件、原因以及伴隨狀態。其邏輯主語，一般是主句中的主語。

There are some ten girls standing at the gate, talking and laughing.

大約有十個女孩站在大門口，又說又笑。（現在分詞短語作狀語，表伴隨狀態）

2）獨立主格結構+主句。一旦分詞短語的邏輯主語和主句中的主語不一致時，就可能帶上自己的邏輯主語，于是就成了獨立主格結構。獨立主格結構本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語，多用于書面語，表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的等。

The meeting being over, all of us went home．開完會后我們都回家了。（表示時間）

The condition being favourable, he may succeed.

若條件有利，他或許能成功。（表示條件）

There being no taxis, we had to walk.

沒有出租車，我們只好步行。（表示原因）

All flights having been cancelled, the passengers had to go home by train yesterday．所有航班已經取消，乘客們只好坐火車回家。（表示時間和原因）

四、英語句子變長的三大轉換方式

英語的句子成分與漢語的句子成分差不多，句子的主要成分有主、謂、賓和表語；但是要想讓句子的意思更為準確和具體，我們常常要借用各種修飾手段來表達。正是由于有了這些修飾語，才使得英語的句子變得較長和難懂。一般來說，充當修飾成分的有：

1．單個的詞匯

一般指形容詞、名詞、數詞等。一般放在所修飾詞的前面，只有修飾不定代詞的詞或少數以a-開頭的形容詞放在所修飾詞的后面。

Death is the necessary end of life．死亡是生命必然的終結。

I have something important to tell you．我有一些重要的事情要告訴你。

These people alive in earthquake often worry about their future life．那些地震中活下來的人經常擔心他們未來的生活。

2．五大短語

短語包括：介詞短語，不定式短語，現在分詞短語，過去分詞短語，形容詞短語，動名詞短語等，這些短語作定語時通常放在修飾詞的后面。

1）介詞短語。介詞和它的賓語構成介詞詞組，在句中除了作狀語、表語、補語，還可作定語，作定語時常放在所修飾的詞之后，主要表示時間、地點、方式、所屬關系等。

Accumulated energy under the earth must be released in one form or another, for example, an earthquake.

在地下積聚起來的能量必須以這種或那種形式釋放出來，例如地震。

Britain has the highest density of road traffic in the world.

英國的道路交通密度在世界上最高。

2）不定式短語。作為非謂語動詞的短語之一，不定式短語除了不能作謂語外幾乎可以做所有的成分，主要用來表達目的和將來。

Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores.

做家庭作業是一種提高你考試成績的可靠方法。

The issue to be discussed this evening is about reading comprehension.

今天晚上將要討論的問題是有關閱讀理解的問題。

3）現在分詞短語。作為非謂語動詞的短語之一，現在分詞短語主要用來作狀語，除了謂語外，也可用在句中做其他所有的成分，主要表達動作的進行和主動的概念。

Speaking in the public, he will surely be very cheerful.

他在公眾場所講話時總是興高采烈的。

The gentleman sitting in the last row of the classroom is my best friend.

坐在教室最后排的那個男士是我最好的朋友。

4）過去分詞短語。作為非謂語動詞的短語之一，過去分詞短語主要用來作狀語和后置定語，主要表達動作的完成和被動的概念。

The Olympic games held in Beijing in 2008 is sincerely believed an exceptional one.

人們深信，2008年在北京舉辦的奧運會是一屆無與倫比的奧運會。

5）形容詞短語。如果一個形容詞有了附加的部分修飾名詞時，它就變成了形容詞短語，不僅可以作定語也可伴隨狀語。

The woman stood at the gate of the village, worried about the safety of her son.

這位婦女站在村口，為她兒子的安全擔心。（形容詞短語作伴隨狀語）

We must acquire a lot of knowledge necessary for the future competition.

我們必須掌握適應未來競爭所必需的大量知識。

3．兩大從句

即修飾名詞的定語從句和修飾動詞的狀語從句。

1）定語從句。主要修飾名詞或代詞，相當于一個形容詞，所以又叫形容詞從句。根據它與被修飾詞的關系，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。

Vitamins are complex substances that the body requires in very small amounts.

維生素是身體少量需要的一種復雜的物質。

The lecture which lasted about three hours was so tedious that the audience couldn't help yawning．那個持續了近3個小時的講座冗長乏味，聽眾忍不住哈欠連天。

His wife is constantly finding fault with him, which makes him very angry.

他妻子總是跟他找碴兒，這讓他很惱火。

2）狀語從句。主要修飾動詞，相當于一個副詞，所以又叫副詞性從句。根據動詞表達的含義，狀語從句一共有九種，它們分別是時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、方式狀語從句、原因狀語從句、比較狀語從句、條件狀語從句、結果狀語從句、時間狀語從句、讓步狀語從句。

This is the nurse who attended to me when I was ill in hospital.

這位就是我生病住院期間護理我的護士。

We've bought some folding chairs for the garden so that they are easy to store away．我們為花園購買了一些折疊椅目的是方便存放。

五、英語復合句特點

復合句是由主句+從句構成，它是英語中比較復雜的句子結構。一般來說，英語中一個句子只能有一個主謂結構或動賓結構，如果出現兩個主謂結構或動賓結構，那么其中一個主謂結構或動賓結構只能是以從句的形式或并列句和分詞短語的形式出現。所謂從句是指從屬于主句的句子，它是主句中一個句子成分；另外從句必須由引導詞即關系代詞或關系副詞引導。從句的種類有很多，但根據其性質和作用可以分為名詞性從句，形容詞性從句（即定語從句），副詞性從句（即狀語從句）三大類。其最大特點有兩個：一是所有從句必須有引導詞；二是所有從句只是主句中的一個成分?？荚囍兄饕峭ㄟ^引導詞來考查考生對從句的掌握，因此，考生首先必須了解從句的類型，其次，必須充分明白各引導詞之間的區別。

1．名詞性從句

即從句在整個句中起名詞作用，分別可以作主語、賓語、表語、同位語等，所以這類從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。

考點一：主語從句。主要考查主語從句的引導詞；主句的謂語動詞一般用單數。如：

（1）That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.

（=It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun.）

（2）Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss.（此時不能用if）

（3）Who will come to the dinner remains a question.

（4）What you have said is convincing.

（5）How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries.

（6）Why the murderer came back to the scene of crime is a psychological problem.

同時，需要注意主語從句的一些常見句型。如：

It is reported that...

It must be pointed out that...

It is likely that...

It is a good thing that...

It happens that...

考點二：賓語從句。主要考查賓語從句的引導詞和引導詞的省略以及從句的語序。如：

1）He believed that walking under a ladder brings bad luck.

2）We can learn what we do not know from TV programs.

3）Tell me which of the books is the right one.

4）Your success will depend on how you present yourself.

5）I wonder if/whether you can help me.

考點三：表語從句。be動詞或者系動詞后面跟主語補足語。

1）The assumption is that things will improve.

2）China is not what it used to be.

3）The doctor's dilemma is whether he should tell a lie to the patient.

考點四：同位語從句。是名詞性從句考查的重點。

同位語從句的特點是由一個抽象名詞+that從句構成，引導詞一般是that，而且that在從句中不充當任何成分。這些抽象名詞有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位語從句是對抽象名詞的解釋說明。

1）The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy.

The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio.（比較-定語從句）

2）There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise.

3）Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light．愛因斯坦得出的結論是宇宙中最大速度是光速。

2．形容詞性從句（即定語從句）

這是復合句考查的重點。定語從句主要用來修飾它前面的先行詞（名詞或代詞），所以又稱形容詞從句。根據與先行詞的關系，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。定語從句主要考查引導定語從句的關系代詞和關系副詞；介詞+引導詞以及非限制性定語從句。具體考點如下：

考點一：引導定語從句的引導詞有關系代詞（who, whom, which, that, whose）和關系副詞（as, when, where, why）等。但是當下列情況出現時，對引導詞有特殊要求。

1）當先行詞是all, everything, nothing, something, little, much時，當先行詞被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very修飾時，當先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時，定語從句的引導詞用that。例：

All that you want are here.

There is no person that doesn't make mistakes．沒有人不犯錯誤。

This is the best film that I have ever seen.

2）“the same...as”, “such...as”中的as可以指人或物。例：

Such furniture as is very popular is expensive.

We have successfully done the same experiment as you did.

3）why引導表示原因的定語從句，其先行詞一般是reason。當主句主語是reason時，作主句表語的成分不能有because和because of。其結構一般為the reason why...is that...，或者the reason that...is that...，如：

He did not tell us the reason why he was late again.

The reason why（that）he didn't come is that he was ill.

4）當定語從句為there be句型時，關系代詞只能用that。

This is the fastest train that there is to Beijing.

5）當主句是以which或who開頭的特殊疑問句時，關系代詞只能用that。

Who is the girl that is talking with Mr. Brown.

6）如果出現兩個或兩個以上的先行詞，并同時兼指人和物時，關系代詞用that。

We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited.

考點二：在“介詞+which/whom”的結構中，介詞的選擇取決于三種情況。

1）定語從句中謂語動詞或表語的搭配。

This is the college in which I am studying.

He is the man about whom we are talking.

2）先行詞與介詞的習慣搭配。

當先行詞表示“領域、方面”時，如：aspect, respect, area, field等，用in which；

當先行詞表示“價格、利率、速度”時，如：rate, price, speed等，用at which；

當先行詞表示“程度”時，如：degree, extent等，用to which；

當先行詞表示“根據、依據、基礎”時，如：grounds, foundation, basis等，用on which。

The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter.

儀表上顯示出這臺機器的運轉的速度。

It is useful to be able to predict the extent to which a price change will affect supply and demand.

3）當定語從句為最高級時只能用of which；否則用其他介詞。

I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best.

I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK.

注意：不可拆分的動詞短語介詞不能提前，如put up with；有的短語可能有不同的介詞搭配，此時需要根據上下文來確定，如：be familiar with/to; compare with/to。

考點三：當先行詞為表示時間的名詞（如：time, day, year, week, month, occasion）或地點的名詞（如：place, room, city, country）時，一般用關系副詞when和where，分別相當于in which, at which, on which。但是當這些表示時間或地點的名詞作從句的賓語，that which。

I can't forget the days when（in which）I lived with you.

Can you tell me the day when（on which）the first satellite was sent into space?

China is the only country where（in which）wild pandas can be found.

I'll never forget the village where I spent my childhood.

I will never forget the days that（which）I spent in Beijing University.

（本句days作spend的賓語，故用關系代詞that/which。）

I have never been to Beijing, but it's the place that I most want to visit.

（本句place作visit的賓語。）

考點四：非限定性定語從句不能用that引導，一般用引導詞which/as或who（指人），非限定性定語從句既可以修飾主句的部分內容，也可修飾主句的全部內容。as引導的非限定性定語從句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但which或who引導的非限定性定語從句不能放在主句句首。

As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.

The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people's life greatly.

His speech, which bored us to death, was over at last.

Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.

3．副詞性從句（狀語從句）

狀語從句主要用來修飾主句或主句的謂語。一般可分為九大類，分別表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、讓步、比較和方式。盡管種類較多，但由于狀語從句與漢語結構和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不難。狀語從句的關鍵是要掌握引導不同狀語從句的常用連接詞和特殊的連接詞?，F分別列舉如下。

1）時間狀語從句

常用引導詞：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since, till, until

特殊引導詞：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day, the instant, immediately, directly, no sooner...than, hardly...when, scarcely...when

I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

The children ran away from the orchard（果園）the moment they saw the guard.

No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.

Everytime I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

2）地點狀語從句

常用引導詞：where

特殊引導詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

Wherever you go, you should work hard.

3）原因狀語從句

常用引導詞：because, since, as, since

特殊引導詞：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as

My friends dislike me because I'm handsome and successful.

Now that everybody has come, let's begin our conference.

The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80m is quite remarkable.

4）目的狀語從句

常用引導詞：so that, in order that

特殊引導詞：lest, in case, for fear that, in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

5）結果狀語從句

常用引導詞：so...that, such...that

特殊引導詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that

He got up so early that he caught the first bus.

It's such a good chance that we must not miss it.

To such an degree was he excited that he couldn't sleep last night.

6）條件狀語從句

常用引導詞：if, unless

特殊引導詞：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that

We'll start our project if the president agrees.

You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.

Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

7）讓步狀語從句

常用引導詞：though, although, even if, even though

特殊引導詞：as（用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝）, while（一般用在句首）, no matter..., in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

Much as I respect him, I can't agree to his proposal.

盡管我很尊敬他，我卻不同意他的建議。

The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.

No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.

He won't listen whatever you may say.

8）比較狀語從句

常用引導詞：as（同級比較）, than（不同程度的比較）

特殊引導詞：the more...the more...; just as..., so...; A is to B what/as X is to Y; no...more than; not A so much as B

She is as bad-tempered as her mother.

The house is three times as big as ours.

The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

Food is to men what oil is to machine．食物之于人，猶如油之于機器。

9）方式狀語從句

常用引導詞：as, as if, how

特殊引導詞：the way

When in Rome, do as the Roman do.

She behaved as if she were the boss.

Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

4．從句引導詞的種類及其區別

六、英語復合句專項訓練

1．The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds________his arguments in favor of the new theory.

A．to be based on

B．to base on

C．which to base on

D．on which to base

2．________quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.

A．Before

B．Until

C．From

D．Since

3．Scientists say it may be five or ten years________it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.

A．since

B．before

C．after

D．when

4．On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont ________I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston”.

A．which

B．where

C．when

D．that

5．By success I don't mean________usually thought of when that word is used.

A．what is

B．that we

C．as you

D．all is

6．You see the lightning________it happens but you hear the thunder later.

A．the instant

B．for an instant

C．on the instant

D．in an instant

7．The mere fact________most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.

A．what

B．which

C．that

D．why

8．Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded________other more well-informed experimenters failed.

A．which

B．that

C．what

D．where

9．The course normally attracts 20 students per year,________up to half will be from overseas.

A．in which

B．for whom

C．with which

D．of whom

10．A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region,________were surprising.

A．as results

B．which results

C．the results of it

D．the results of which

11．________the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.

A．Even if

B．As far as

C．If only

D．So long as

12．I hope all the precautions against air pollution,________suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.

A．as

B．since

C．after

D．while

13．We agreed to accept________they thought was the best tourist guide.

A．whatever

B．whomever

C．whichever

D．whoever

14．Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers,________overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.

A．what

B．which

C．that

D．whose

15．How is it________your roommate's request and yours are identical?

A．if

B．so

C．what

D．that

16．These people once had fame and fortune; now________is left to them is utter poverty.

A．all that

B．all what

C．all which

D．that all

17．Professor Knight,________list of achievements includes two Nobel Prizes, will address the meeting tonight.

A．who

B．that

C．whose

D．whom

18．He has made another wonderful discovery,________of great importance to science.

A．which I think is

B．in which I think it is

C．which I think it is

D．of which I think it is

19．________your role is, knowing who you are and what you're good at is critical for success.

A．Whatever

B．Whichever

C．Whoever

D．Whomever

20．It had been years________I visited my hometown and I was determined to enjoy my stay.

A．after

B．when

C．since

D．that

21．Most of his great novels and plays were not published or known to the public________his tragic death in 1786.

A．even before

B．ever since

C．until after

D．until before

22．This book will show you________can be used in other contexts.

A．how what you've observed

B．how you've observed

C．that you've observed

D．the thing what you've observed

23．I will give this dictionary to________wants to have it.

A．whomever

B．someone

C．whoever

D．anyone

24．The engineers are going through with their highway project,________the expenses have risen.

A．even though

B．just because

C．now that

D．as though

25．Water will continue to be________it is today-next in importance to oxygen.

A．how

B．which

C．as

D．what

26．Prof. Lee's book will show you________can be used in other contexts.

A．that you have observed

B．that how you have observed

C．how that you have observed

D．how what you have observed

27．You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting________you don't mind taking the night train.

A．provided

B．unless

C．though

D．until

28．Most electronic devices of this kind,________manufactured for such purposes, are tightly packed.

A．that are

B．as are

C．which is

D．it is

29．As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of________furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn.

A．what

B．that

C．which

D．such

30．Living in the central Australian desert has its problems,________obtaining water is not the least.

A．of which

B．for what

C．as

D．whose

31．Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe________it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.

A．so that

B．but that

C．in that

32．________is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.

D．provided that

A．What

B．That

C．It

D．As

33．The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me________she could remember who last borrowed it.

A．ever since

B．much as

C．even though

D．if only

34．No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything________going on in the world.

A．it is

B．as is

C．there is

D．what is

35．The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds,________could go penniless by next year.

A．the larger one

B．the larger of which

C．the largest one

D．the largest of which

36．He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject.________he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.

A．What little

B．So much

C．How much

D．So little

37．Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true________it comes to classroom tests.

A．before

B．as

C．since

D．when

38．There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter________he does.

A．how

B．where

C．what

D．when

39．________can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.

A．As

B．What

C．That

D．It

40．California has more light than it knows________to do with but everything else is expensive.

A．how

B．what

C．which

D．where

英語復合句專項訓練答案及詳解：

1．句中包括“which+不定式”結構，作定語，修飾grounds, which指代的grounds應是介詞on的賓語，需介詞前置，故應選擇D．on which to base。其正常語序為：to base his arguments on sufficient grounds。題意：教授幾乎找不到足夠的證據來支持新理論的論點。

2．句中的否定詞not和until構成搭配“not...until...”，意為“直到……才”，故B為正確答案。題意：直到最近，英國大多數母親才走出家門從事有償工作。

3．本題考查與before相關的固定結構，“It is（was/will be/may be）+一段時間+before...”，表示“只有……才”，故B為正確答案。題意：科學家們說這種藥只有在五年到十年后才能在人體上做試驗。

4．本題考查when的用法。主句用進行時，when引導的從句放在主句之后，表示“忽然，恰好在那個時候”。故C為正確答案。題意：在一個下雨天，我正開車向北駛過佛蒙特州，突然看到一個年輕人舉著牌子，上面寫著“波士頓”。

5．句中動詞mean缺少賓語，而從句中的thought of缺少主語，缺少成分時，能一身二用的詞只有what。唯A項符合條件。題意：我說的成功并不是指我們使用該詞時通常所想到的東西。

6．You see the lightning和it happens是兩個完整的句子，因此需用一連詞將它們連接。B、C、D三項都是介詞短語，不能連接句子；A項the instant可用作連詞，和the moment, as soon as用法相同。故A為正確答案。題意：閃電一發生你就可以看到，但要再過一會兒才聽到雷聲。

7．本題測試同位語從句。同位語從句只能用連接詞that引導，故答案為C。題意：大多數人認為核戰爭是一種瘋狂的行動，但僅就這一點并不等于核戰爭就不會爆發。

8．句中succeed為不及物動詞，不可能有賓語從句或定語從句，可排除A、B、C三項，D項正確，where連接的從句是狀語從句。題意：盡管他對該領域大部分工作知之甚少，卻在其他信息更加靈通的實驗者失敗的地方成功了。

9．本題屬非限制性定語從句結構。主句中先行詞為人，可先排除A、C兩項。把該句分解成兩個獨立的句子：The course normally attracts 20 students per year.（Up to）half of them will be from overseas?？梢钥闯觯琱alf后應接介詞of，所以D項（of whom）正確。題意：這門課一般每年招收20名學生，其中一半以上來自海外。

10．從句子結構分析，逗號后的句子為非限定性定語從句，可首先排除A、C兩項；空格后已有謂語部分，所以選項B不對，故正確答案為D。題意：對于那個地區新生兒的死亡率進行了一項調查，其結果令人吃驚。

11．四個選擇項的含義分別是：A．even if即使；即便，哪怕；B．as far as（表示程度，范圍）就……；至于……; C．if only只要；要是……多好；D．so long as只要。根據題意，空格處應選用A．even if構成讓步從句。題意：即便運算正確，科學家也永遠不能保證他們已經囊括了所有變量并精確地建模。

12．本題考查as作關系代詞的用法。句中兩個逗號之間部分是一個完整的主謂結構，空格處應填一個關系代詞，在這個句子中作主語，只有as可以。as引導的是一個非限制性定語從句，相當于which，但as位于句首、句中或句末，代替整個從句，意為“正如……一樣”。故正確答案為A．as。題意：我希望當地政府所建議的所有預防空氣污染的措施在這里都將得到認真考慮。

13．句子空格后為一從句，其中they thought可看作插入語，填入空格的詞應在從句中作主語，因此D．whoever是正確答案。題意：只要他們認為是最好的導游，我們就同意接受。

14．根據句子結構分析，空格處填的詞應引導一個非限定性定語從句，而且作句中主語的定語，所以，應選D．whose。題意：啤酒是最受男性飲酒者歡迎的，其消費總量明顯高于女性飲酒者的消費總量。

15．選D項可構成慣用法How is it that...?（……是怎么回事/為什么……?）題意：為什么你的室友和你的要求是一樣的呢？

16．本題考查定語從句。不定代詞后的定語從句中關系代詞應用that, all that等于what。A項正確。題意：這些人曾經一度名利雙收，但現在留給他們的只有徹底的貧窮。

17．本句兩個逗號之間部分是非限制性定語從句。這種結構在修飾人時關系代詞用who（主語）, whom（賓語）或whose（定語），在修飾物時用which。這樣選項B可以排除。名詞詞組list of achievements之前應是定語的位置，所以正確答案是C。題意：Knight教授今晚將發表演講，他的成就包括兩次獲得諾貝爾獎。

18．此句測試非限定性定語從句?！癐 think”為插入語，which指代主句中的“another wonderful discovery”作從句的主語，因此不應再加“it”, B、C和D選項中都有it，是錯誤的，A為正確選項。題意：他又發現了一個神奇的現象，我認為這對科學有極其重要的作用。

19．句首的從句為狀語從句，C、D兩項不適合，因為Whoever和Whomever都與人有關，而狀語從句的主語是物（your role），不是人。B項的Whichever含有“選擇其中之一”的意思，也不合適，只有A項適合。題意：無論你擔任什么職務，弄清楚你是誰、你有什么特長是你成功的關鍵。

20．本題測試過去完成時，原句中引導時間狀語從句的連詞只能是since，因此C項為正確答案。題意：自從我上一次返鄉以來，已經有好多年了；因此我決定要享受在家的樂趣。

21．A項的even before意為“甚至在……之前”, B項的ever since意為“從那時起直至今日”, C項的until after意為“直到……以后為止”，而D項的until before意為“直到……前為止”。根據上下文，這一句型為not...until，所以首先排除A和B。D項也不合適，只有C項為本題正確答案。題意：他的大多數重要小說和劇本都是在他1786年不幸去世后才發表或面世的。

22．本題測試兩個項目：一是賓語從句；二是賓語從句中的主語從句。用how和that開頭的句子都可作賓語從句。所以A、B、C三項符合第一個要求。但后兩項中不含主語從句，只有A項中what引導的從句可作主語從句，因此為本題正確答案。題意：這本書會向你顯示：你所觀察到的結果也能應用到別的場合。

23．whoever（=anyone who）引導賓語從句，并在從句中作主語；whomever只能在從句中作賓語；someone與anyone均不能引導從句。故正確答案為C。題意：我要把這本詞典給任何想要它的人。

24．本題四個選項均為從屬連詞。A．即使，盡管；B．就因為；C．由于；D．好像。根據題意，應選A。題意：即使成本增加了，工程師們也打算完成這項公路工程。

25．what在句中作連接代詞引導名詞從句，表示性質或狀態，意為“……的樣子”，作表語。正確答案為D。題意：水將繼續像現在這樣——其重要性僅次于氧。

26．句中動詞show后需接雙賓語，根據句子結構，空格處所填部分必須包括后面句子的主語，選項D符合條件，how引導一個帶有主語從句（what you have observed）的賓語從句。題意：李教授的書會告訴你，你所觀察到的可以如何用在其他語境中。

27．根據題意，應選一表示條件的連詞引導條件狀語從句，A意為“如果”，為正確答案。題意：如果你不介意乘夜班車的話，你可以早點到達北京開會。

28．本題測試非限定性定語從句的用法。四個選項中，that不能用于非限定性定語從句。It is與全句不搭配。B、C符合要求，句中先行詞為復數，所以只有B正確。題意：大部分為此目的生產的這類電器都包裝嚴密。

29．根據句子結構，在空格處需要一個能引導名詞從句又能作動詞allow的賓語的詞。這種詞非what莫屬，其作用等于the fuel which。本題關鍵在于理解with+名詞+v-ed的復合結構和what引導的名詞從句。在with的復合結構中，名詞部分是由most of加上一個名詞從句what furnace fuel is allowed所組成，正確答案為A。題意：就冬天而言，寒冷令人不便，因為大部分用于取暖的燃料都省下來到黎明時使用。

30．此題測試非限定性定語從句。which的先行詞是problems, of which就等于of the problems，即“在這些問題中”。正確答案為A。題意：居住在澳大利亞沙漠中有其自身的問題，其中，獲取水是很嚴峻的問題。

31．空格前后各為完整的句子，且兩句之間有因果關系。故應選C。題意：氫是宇宙中的基本元素，因為它能提供生成其他元素的基礎原材料。

32．本題測試非限定性定語從句的用法。根據句子結構，空格處必須填入關系代詞。B、C在句中不能作關系代詞；what在本句中只能引導主語從句；as是關系代詞，引導非限定性定語從句，從句可放在句首、句中或句末。應選D。題意：正如公眾普遍認為的那樣，生產的穩定發展決定經濟的增長。

33．本題四個選項均為從屬連詞。ever since“自從”;much as和even though意為“即使，雖然”;if only通常表示愿望，“但愿，要是……就好了”，其后用虛擬語氣，但本句中if only是if的強化，表示“只要達到這個條件就行”。根據題意，應選D。題意：借書處年齡較大的圖書館員答應，只要她想起誰最后借了那本書就替我找來。

34．根據題意和句子結構，空格處及后面的部分應作everything的定語。it is缺少關系代詞；在限定性定語從句中，as要與such, so, as, the same連用，所以不選B; there is going on...是there goes on...的進行體形式。there is going on in the world是省略that的定語從句，故C為正確答案；what引導的從句不需要用先行詞，而該句有everything所以不選D。題意：誰也沒有時間去閱讀或收聽關于世界上發生的每一件事的報道。

35．根據句子結構和題意，可以看出逗號后是非限制性定語從句。A和C不能引導從句；D不能用于兩者之間的比較。故正確答案為B。題意：社會退休保障計劃由兩筆信托基金組成，其中較大的一筆資金到明年將被耗盡。

36．根據句子結構，空白處應該是一個主語從句，作is out of date and inaccurate的主語，同時，在從句中作know的賓語，這種雙重身份非what莫屬。B不能引導主語從句；C能充當主語，但是在這里意思不對；D不能引導主語從句。故正確答案為A。題意：他聲稱是天文學專家，而實際上他對該學科一無所知，他所知道的一點點也是陳舊的，不準確的。

37．本題考查常用句型：when it comes to sb./sth.，相當于when it concerns sb./sth.，意為“當談到……時，涉及……時”。故D．When為正確答案。題意：做作業是提高你的考試成績的有效之策，特別對隨堂考試，這方法尤為可靠。

38．在本句中，does是及物動詞，填入的應當是does的賓語。how, where, when都不能做賓語。故正確答案為C。題意：這座城市有100多所夜校，這使得專業技術人員無論從事什么工作，都有可能接受再教育。

39．As在句中是關系代詞，引導非限定性定語從句，可譯成“正如”。故A為正確答案。題意：從這些數據的比較中可以看出，這一原則包括患者積極主動參與自己身體狀況的改善。

40．句中空格處填入部分構成“疑問詞+不定式”。根據題意，to do的賓語應為what, with的賓語應為比較狀語從句中省略的light。整個句子應為：California has more light than the light that it knows what to do with but everything else is expensive.題意：加利福尼亞擁有的陽光要比已知可利用的多，但其他東西都很昂貴。