第五章 訴訟參加人
Chapter Ⅴ Participants in Proceedings

第一節 當事人
Section 1 Parties

第四十八條 公民、法人和其他組織可以作為民事訴訟的當事人。

法人由其法定代表人進行訴訟。其他組織由其主要負責人進行訴訟。

Article 48 Any citizen, legal person and any other organization may become a party to a civil action.

Legal persons shall be represented by their legal representatives in litigations. Other organizations shall be represented by their principal heads in litigations.

第四十九條 當事人有權委托代理人，提出回避申請，收集、提供證據，進行辯論，請求調解，提起上訴，申請執行。

當事人可以查閱本案有關材料，并可以復制本案有關材料和法律文書。查閱、復制本案有關材料的范圍和辦法由最高人民法院規定。

當事人必須依法行使訴訟權利，遵守訴訟秩序，履行發生法律效力的判決書、裁定書和調解書。

Article 49 Parties to an action shall have the right to appoint agents, apply for withdrawals, collect and provide evidence, proffer arguments, request mediation, file an appeal and apply for execution.

Parties to an action may have access to materials pertaining to the case and make copies thereof and other legal documents pertaining to the case. The scope of and rules for consulting and making copies of them shall be specified by the Supreme People's Court.

Parties to an action must exercise their litigation rights in accordance with the law, observe the procedures and carry out legally effective written judgments or orders and mediation statements.

第五十條 雙方當事人可以自行和解。

Article 50 The two parties may reach a compromise of their own accord.

第五十一條 原告可以放棄或者變更訴訟請求。被告可以承認或者反駁訴訟請求，有權提起反訴。

Article 51 The plaintiff may relinquish or modify his claims. The defendant may admit or rebut the claims and shall have the right to file counterclaims.

第五十二條 當事人一方或者雙方為二人以上，其訴訟標的是共同的，或者訴訟標的是同一種類、人民法院認為可以合并審理并經當事人同意的，為共同訴訟。

共同訴訟的一方當事人對訴訟標的有共同權利義務的，其中一人的訴訟行為經其他共同訴訟人承認，對其他共同訴訟人發生效力；對訴訟標的沒有共同權利義務的，其中一人的訴訟行為對其他共同訴訟人不發生效力。

Article 52 When one party or both parties consist of two or more than two persons, their object of action being the same or of the same category and the people's court considers that, with the consent of the parties, the action can be tried combined, it is a joint action.

If a party of two or more persons to a joint action have common rights and obligations with respect to the object of action and the litigation act of any one of them is recognized by the others of the party, such an act shall be valid for all the rest of the party; if a party of two or more persons have no common rights and obligations with respect to the object of action, the litigation act of any one of them shall not be valid for the rest.

第五十三條 當事人一方人數眾多的共同訴訟，可以由當事人推選代表人進行訴訟。代表人的訴訟行為對其所代表的當事人發生效力，但代表人變更、放棄訴訟請求或者承認對方當事人的訴訟請求，進行和解，必須經被代表的當事人同意。

Article 53 If the persons comprising a party to a joint action is large in number, the party may elect representatives from among themselves to act for them in the litigation. The acts of such representatives in the litigation shall be valid for the party they represent. However, modification or waiver of claims or admission of the claims of the other party or pursuing a compromise with the other party by the representatives shall be subject to the consent of the party they represent.

第五十四條 訴訟標的是同一種類、當事人一方人數眾多在起訴時人數尚未確定的，人民法院可以發出公告，說明案件情況和訴訟請求，通知權利人在一定期間向人民法院登記。

向人民法院登記的權利人可以推選代表人進行訴訟；推選不出代表人的，人民法院可以與參加登記的權利人商定代表人。

代表人的訴訟行為對其所代表的當事人發生效力，但代表人變更、放棄訴訟請求或者承認對方當事人的訴訟請求，進行和解，必須經被代表的當事人同意。

人民法院作出的判決、裁定，對參加登記的全體權利人發生效力。未參加登記的權利人在訴訟時效期間提起訴訟的，適用該判決、裁定。

Article 54 Where the object of action is of the same category and the persons comprising one of the parties is large but uncertain in number at the commencement of the action, the people's court may issue a public notice, stating the particulars and claims of the case and informing those entitled to participate in the action to register their rights with the people's court within a fixed period of time.

Those who have registered their rights with the people's court may elect representatives from among themselves to proceed with the litigation; if the election fails its purpose, such representatives may be determined by the people's court through consultation with those who have registered their rights with the court.

The acts of such representatives in the litigation shall be valid for the party they represent; however, modification or waiver of claims or admission of the claims of the other party or pursuing a compromise with the other party by the representatives shall be subject to the consent of the party they represent.

The judgments or rulings rendered by the people's court shall be valid for all those who have registered their rights with the court. Such judgments or rulings shall apply to those who have not registered their rights but have instituted legal proceedings during period of limitation of the action.

第五十五條 對污染環境、侵害眾多消費者合法權益等損害社會公共利益的行為，法律規定的機關和有關組織可以向人民法院提起訴訟。

Article 55 Relevant organs and organizations prescribed by the law may bring a lawsuit to the people's court against the acts that undermine the public interest such as environmental pollution, infringement of the legitimate interests and rights of a certain number of consumers, etc.

第五十六條 對當事人雙方的訴訟標的，第三人認為有獨立請求權的，有權提起訴訟。

對當事人雙方的訴訟標的，第三人雖然沒有獨立請求權，但案件處理結果同他有法律上的利害關系的，可以申請參加訴訟，或者由人民法院通知他參加訴訟。人民法院判決承擔民事責任的第三人，有當事人的訴訟權利義務。

前兩款規定的第三人，因不能歸責于本人的事由未參加訴訟，但有證據證明發生法律效力的判決、裁定、調解書的部分或者全部內容錯誤，損害其民事權益的，可以自知道或者應當知道其民事權益受到損害之日起六個月內，向作出該判決、裁定、調解書的人民法院提起訴訟。人民法院經審理，訴訟請求成立的，應當改變或者撤銷原判決、裁定、調解書；訴訟請求不成立的，駁回訴訟請求。

Article 56 If a third party considers that he has an independent claim to the object of action of both parties, he shall have the right to bring an action.

Where the outcome of the case will affect a third party's legal interest, such party, though having no independent claim to the object of action of both parties, may file a request to participate in the proceedings or the people's court shall notify the third party to participate. A third party that is to bear civil liability in accordance with the judgment of the people's court shall be entitled to the rights and obligations of a party in litigation.

In case the third party as stipulated in the preceding two paragraphs fails to participate in the proceedings for reasons not attributable to the third party itself but has evidence to prove the legally effective judgment, ruling, or mediation statement is partially or entirely erroneous in content and prejudices its civil rights and interests, the third party may, within six months from the date on which it knows or should know its rights and interests are prejudiced, file a lawsuit with the people's court rendering such judgment, ruling or mediation statement. Where the people's court finds the third party's claims established upon trial, it shall change or cancel the original judgment, ruling or mediation statement; where the people's court finds the claims not established upon trial, the claims shall be rejected.

第二節 訴訟代理人
Section 2 Agents Ad Litem

第五十七條 無訴訟行為能力人由他的監護人作為法定代理人代為訴訟。法定代理人之間互相推諉代理責任的，由人民法院指定其中一人代為訴訟。

Article 57 Any person with no legal capacity to engage in litigation shall have his guardian or guardians as statutory agents to act for him in a lawsuit. If the statutory agents try to shift responsibility as agents ad litem upon one another, the people's court shall appoint one of them to represent the person in litigation.

第五十八條 當事人、法定代理人可以委托一至二人作為訴訟代理人。

下列人員可以被委托為訴訟代理人：

（一）律師、基層法律服務工作者；

（二）當事人的近親屬或者工作人員；

（三）當事人所在社區、單位以及有關社會團體推薦的公民。

Article 58 A party to an action, or statutory agent may appoint one or two persons to act as his agents ad litem.

The following person may be appointed as agent ad litem to a case：

（1）A lawyer, or grass-roots legal service provider；

（2）A close relative or working staff of the party; or

（3）A citizen recommended by the community, entity or relevant social organization to which the party belongs.

第五十九條 委托他人代為訴訟，必須向人民法院提交由委托人簽名或者蓋章的授權委托書。

授權委托書必須記明委托事項和權限。訴訟代理人代為承認、放棄、變更訴訟請求，進行和解，提起反訴或者上訴，必須有委托人的特別授權。

僑居在國外的中華人民共和國公民從國外寄交或者托交的授權委托書，必須經中華人民共和國駐該國的使領館證明；沒有使領館的，由與中華人民共和國有外交關系的第三國駐該國的使領館證明，再轉由中華人民共和國駐該第三國使領館證明，或者由當地的愛國華僑團體證明。

Article 59 When a person appoints another to act on his behalf in litigation, he must submit to the people's court a power of attorney bearing his signature or seal.

The power of attorney must specify the matters entrusted and the powers conferred. An agent ad litem must obtain special powers from his principal to admit, waive or modify claims, or to compromise or to file a counterclaim or an appeal.

A power of attorney mailed or delivered through others by a citizen of the People's Republic of China residing abroad must be certified by the Chinese embassy or consulate accredited to that country. If there is no Chinese embassy or consulate in that country, the power of attorney must be certified by an embassy or a consulate of a third country accredited to that country that has diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, and then transmitted for authentication to the embassy or consulate of the People's Republic of China accredited to that third country, or it must be certified by a local patriotic overseas Chinese organization.

第六十條 訴訟代理人的權限如果變更或者解除，當事人應當書面告知人民法院，并由人民法院通知對方當事人。

Article 60 A party to an action shall inform the people's court in writing if he changes or revokes the powers of an agent ad litem, and the court shall notify the other party of the change or revocation.

第六十一條 代理訴訟的律師和其他訴訟代理人有權調查收集證據，可以查閱本案有關材料。查閱本案有關材料的范圍和辦法由最高人民法院規定。

Article 61 A lawyer who serves as an agent ad litem and other agents ad litem shall have the right to investigate and collect evidence, and may have access to materials pertaining to the case. The scope of and rules for consulting materials pertaining to the case shall be specified by the Supreme People's Court.

第六十二條 離婚案件有訴訟代理人的，本人除不能表達意思的以外，仍應出庭；確因特殊情況無法出庭的，必須向人民法院提交書面意見。

Article 62 In a divorce case in which the parties to the action have been represented by their agents ad litem, the parties themselves shall still appear in court in person, unless they are incapable of expressing their own intent. A party who is truly unable to appear in court due to a special reason shall submit his views in writing to the people's court.