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2.1 引言引言引自于作者本人文章:梅亮,陳勁,盛偉忠.責任式創新——研究與創新的新興范式[J].自然辯證法研究,2014,30(10): 83-89.

創新被認為是劇變環境之中提升競爭優勢的關鍵因素Dess, G.G., & Picken, J.C.(2001).Changing roles: Leadership in the 21st century.Organizational dynamics, 28(3),18-34. Crossan, M. M., & Apaydin, M. (2010). A multi-dimensional framework of organizational innovation: A systematic review of the literature.Journal of management studies,47(6),1154-1191.,其不僅僅驅動經濟的增長,同時促進可持續發展、改善健康與生活水平Owen, R., Baxter, D., Maynard, T., & Depledge, M.(2009).Beyond Regulation: Risk Pricing and Responsible Innovation.Environmental Science& Technology,18(43),6902-6906.。過去的一個世紀見證了新技術發展的浪潮,包括內燃機、原子能、分子生物技術以及信息技術革命的發展等Owen, R., Baxter, D., Maynard, T., & Depledge, M.(2009).Beyond Regulation: Risk Pricing and Responsible Innovation.Environmental Science& Technology,18(43),6902-6906.。技術的發展與創新的革命產生了危機。20世紀下半葉,科學與創新在研究政策中的交互性不斷增強,技術創新的發展產生收益的同時衍生了大量的社會危害,研究與創新的責任議題受到廣泛的關注Jonas, H.(1985).The imperative of responsibility: In search of an ethics for the technological age. University of Chicago Press. Beck, U.(1992).Risk society: Towards a new modernity (Vol.17).Sage.,相關責任議題涉及生物科學的基因研究Nelkin, D.(2001).Beyond Risk: reporting about genetics in the post-Asilomar Press.Perspectives in biology and medicine,44(2),199-207.、基因技術與基因工程Sutcliffe, H., &Director, M.A.T.T.E.R.(2011).A report on responsible research and innovation.MATTER and the European Commission.、原子能計劃Weart, S.R.(1976).Scientists with a secret.Physics Today,29(2),23-30.、醫學領域的病毒研究Kaiser, D., & Moreno, J. (2012). Dual-use research: Self-censorship is not enough. Nature,492(7429), 345-347.、納米技術D'Silva, J., Robinson, D. K., & Shelley-Egan, C. (2012). A game with rules in the making-how the high probability of waiting games in nanomedicine is being mitigated through distributed regulation and responsible innovation. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management,24(6),583-602.、合成生物Sutcliffe, H., &Director, M.A.T.T.E.R.(2011).A report on responsible research and innovation.MATTER and the European Commission.等新興技術領域,以及信息與通信技術Stahl, B. C., Eden, G., & Jirotka, M. (2013). Responsible research and innovation in information and communication technology: Identifying and engaging with the ethical implications of ICTs.Responsible innovation,199-218.、金融產品Chesbrough, H. W. (2006). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business Press.、公共政策或社群等服務創新領域Sutcliffe, H., &Director, M.A.T.T.E.R.(2011).A report on responsible research and innovation.MATTER and the European Commission.

傳統的創新意味著發明創造到商業化的全過程Chesbrough, H. W. (2006). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business Press.,關注于技術推動下工藝流程的改造與產品的輸出。從本質來看,創新的成效依賴于事實檢驗,事實是對創新決策的最好支持,然而創新的成效檢驗是滯后的Sutcliffe, H., &Director, M.A.T.T.E.R.(2011).A report on responsible research and innovation.MATTER and the European Commission.,過去與現在的評估不能提供未來一個有效合理的引導Adam, B., & Groves, C. (2011). Futures tended: care and future-oriented responsibility. Bulletin of Science,Technology & Society,31(1),17-27.,創新過程的實質是一個未來導向的不確定性活動Owen, R., Macnaghten, P., & Stilgoe, J. (2012). Responsible research and innovation: From science in society science for society, with society.Science and Public Policy,39(6),751-760.。以新興技術的創新為例,技術創新與管理模式陷入Hajer(2003)提出的“制度空白”之中,現有的制度結構或規則體系無法適應創新管理的要求Hajer, M.(2003).Policy without polity? Policy analysis and the institutional void.Policy Sciences,36(2),175-195.,其管理與控制的窘境開始受到科學的重視。研究的焦點在于證明新興技術創新的影響,同時需要在技術開發的計劃設置與技術軌跡的模塊化推進中引入更多的公眾參與,從而使創新走向滿意的目標Fisher, E., Mahajan, R.L., & Mitcham, C.(2006).Midstream modulation of technology: governance from within. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society,26(6),485-496.。舊有的科學與創新治理模式開始向分散、開放的治理模式轉變,關于如何將創新所產生的影響以及創新目標涉及的社會期望、社會接受等問題納入研究與實踐范疇的討論,成為傳統創新研究范式的重要延伸。

以知識與創新驅動經濟發展的“智慧增長”戰略Grguric, I.(2011).Europe 2020-European Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth.Revija za socijalnu politiku,18(1),119-124.為背景,歐盟“地平線2020”框架計劃提出責任式創新現有的文獻與政策報告涉及責任式研究與創新、責任式創新兩個短語,并未作明確區分,下文會對其作解釋。,并將其重要性提高至全球戰略高度von Schomberg, R.(2013).A Vision of Responsible Research and Innovation.Responsible Innovation: Managing the Responsible Emergence of Science and Innovation in Society,51-74.,認為研究與創新必須有效地反映社會需求與社會意愿,反射社會價值與責任,作為政策制定者的職責在于建構治理框架以促進責任式研究與創新Geoghegan-Quinn. http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/geoghegan-quinn/headlines/speeches/2012/documents/20120423-dialogue-conference-speech_en.pdf.。基于宏觀政策的關注與推動,過去兩年,大量多層次的、非規范形式的科學與創新活動及其治理開始實行預見性、前瞻性的“責任”探討,關注于科學創新活動中社會與政策的選擇,以保證特定創新的穩定性,新的預測治理Karinen, R., & Guston, D. H. (2009). Toward anticipatory governance: the experience with nanotechnology. In Governing Future Technologies (pp.217-232).Springer Netherlands.、建構式、實時技術評估Uhl, D. M. A. (2012). Vision assessment: shaping technology in 21st century society: towards a repertoire for technology assessment (Vol.4).Springer Science&Business Media. Guston, D.H., &Sarewitz, D.(2002).Real-time technology assessment.Technology in society,24(1),93-109.、上游參與Wynne, B.(2002).Risk and environment as legitimatory discourses of technology: reflexivity inside out? .Current Sociology,50(3),459-477.、價值感知設計Van den Hoven, J., Lokhorst, G.J., &Van de Poel, I.(2012).Engineering and the problem of moral overload.Science and Engineering Ethics,18(1),143-155.、社會技術整合Fisher, E., Mahajan, R.L., & Mitcham, C.(2006).Midstream modulation of technology: governance from within. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society,26(6),485-496.等模型紛紛涌現,這些舉動試圖將科學與創新開放至一個更廣泛公眾參與與創造的過程情境之中Irwin, A.(2006).The politics of talk: coming to terms with the“new”scientific governance.Social studies of science,36(2),299-320.。從技術集成演化到歐盟社會科學計劃,責任式創新反映出現有政策在處理存在道德爭論的研究與創新時所產生的局限,如轉基因生物Grove-White, R., Macnaghten, P., &Wynne, B.(2000).Wising up: the public and new technologies.、合成生物學Bhattachary, D., Calitz, J.P., & Hunter, A.(2010).Synthetic biology dialogue.Report.http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/web/FILES/Reviews/1006-synthetic-biology-dialogue.pdf.、基因工程Shepherd, J.G.(2009).Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty.Royal Society.以及信息與通信技術Von Schomberg, R. (2007). From the ethics of technology towards an ethics of knowledge policy & knowledge assessment.Browser Download This Paper.等。這些技術創新本身的道德爭論以及輻射而產生的社會影響激起了政策層面對于科學與創新責任、科學社會契約線性思考模式(科學、創新的自由需要以社會效應的影響為前提),以及對于創新治理范式中的風險評估規范重要性的討論與再思考Stilgoe, J., Owen, R., & Macnaghten, P. (2013). Developing a framework for responsible innovation. Research Policy,42(9),1568-1580.。由此,科學、研究、創新不再聚焦于自身的行為準則,研究與創新的目的也不再僅僅關注于產出本身,不確定性、目的、動機、社會與政策影響、演化軌跡與發展方向等問題成為創新實施與治理的綜合性影響因素。組織是否有能力界定研究與創新的適當結果與社會影響?如果支持某一項創新,我們如何能夠成功地引導創新向有益的結果發展?Winner, L.(1978).Autonomous technology: Technics-out-of-control as a theme in political thought.Mit Press.諸如此類問題,成為責任式創新的關注要點。引導研究對于創新本質的思考,成為創新研究與治理的社會意義延伸與發展范式演化。

盡管責任式創新受到研究與政策的高度關注Li, F., Owen, R., & Simakova, E. (2015). Framing responsible innovation in synthetic biology: the need for a critical discourse analysis approach.Journal of Responsible Innovation,2(1),104-108.,并成為美國與歐盟科技政策的“流行語”(buzzword)Bensaude-Vincent, B.(2014). The politics of buzzwords at the interface of technoscience, market and society:The case of“public engagement in science”.Public Understanding of Science,23(3),238-253.,但現有研究存在不足:作為創新研究的新興范式梅亮,陳勁.創新范式轉移——責任式創新的研究興起[J].科學與管理,2014,34(3):3-11. 梅亮,陳勁,盛偉忠.責任式創新——研究與創新的新興范式[J].自然辯證法研究,2014,30(10):83-89.,責任式創新尚處于概念建構階段Gianni, R., & Goujon, P.(2014).Governance of Responsible Innovation.,缺乏相關內涵的系統討論Koops, B. J. (2015). The Concepts, Approaches, and Applications of Responsible Innovation. In Responsible Innovation 2 (pp.1-15).Springer International Publishing.,國內外學者也尚未對其概念解釋達成共識杜鵬程,陳云,杜雪.國際責任式創新知識圖譜研究[J].科技進步與對策,2016,33(13):6-13. 劉戰雄.負責任創新研究綜述:背景、現狀與趨勢[J].科技進步與對策,2015,32(11):155. 梅亮,陳勁,李福嘉.責任式創新:“內涵-理論-方法”的整合框架[J].科學學研究,2018,36(3): 521-530.,研究需要系統辨析責任式創新概念在理論和政策層面的區別以及概念基于不同理論視角的解釋Burget, M., Bardone, E., & Pedaste, M.(2016).Definitions and Conceptual Dimensions of Responsible Research and Innovation: A Literature Review.Science and Engineering Ethics,1-19.,并系統比較“責任式發展”“責任式研究與創新”“責任式創新”之間的差異,以及責任式創新概念的相關研究議題,從而為理論、實踐以及政策研究的展開等提供基礎與借鑒。由此,本章聚焦“責任式創新是什么”的理論研究問題,系統討論辨析責任式創新的概念內涵與相關議題。

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