Passage 6

Richard Satava，program manager for advanced medical technologies，has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine，where computers create a“virtual”or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners（從業者）.

“With virtual reality we’ll be able to put a surgeon in every trench，”said Satava.He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.

The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S.The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets（頭盔）that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound.The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.

Although Satava’s vision may be years away from standard operating procedure，scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery.Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device.As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery，they move instruments that are connected to a computer，which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery.The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force，textures，and sound.

These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine.At Wayne State University Medical School，surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes Figure-s of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image.She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest，least invasive surgical path to the tumor（腫瘤）.Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions.While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain，she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient’s brain taken before surgery.

During these procedures—operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered—surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view.And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can.

Satava says，“We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine.”

1.According to Richard Satava，the application of virtual reality to medicine______.

A.will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefield

B.can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefield

C.will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefield

D.can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield

2.Richard Satava has visions of______.

A.using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas

B.wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefield

C.wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeons

D.setting up mobile surgical units overseas

3.How is virtual reality surgery performed？

A.It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device.

B.Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computer.

C.Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them.

D.A 3-D image records the movements of the surgeons during the operation.

4.During virtual reality operations，the surgeon can have a better view of the cuts in the body because______.

A.he is looking at the cuts on a computer screen

B.the cuts can be examined from different angles

C.the cuts have been highly magnified

D.he is wearing 3-D glasses

5.Virtual reality operations are an improvement on conventional surgery in that they______.

A.cause less pain to the wounded

B.allow the patient to recover more quickly

C.will make human surgeons’work less tedious

D.are done by robot surgeons with greater precision

參考譯文

Richard Satava是一位高級醫療技術方面的項目經理，一直積極推動把虛擬現實應用到醫學領域，這使得計算機為外科醫生和其他醫療工作者創造了一個虛擬或者模擬的環境。

Satava說：“利用虛擬現實我們可以把外科醫生放在每個戰壕里。”他設想了一個場景，即在海外戰斗受傷的士兵被安置在裝備有計算機的移動手術室中。計算機可以把受傷士兵的圖像傳送給在美國的外科醫生，醫生可以利用虛擬現實頭盔來觀察士兵，這個頭盔包含有一個能顯示傷口圖像的小屏幕。醫生可以操作戰場中移動手術室里的遙控設備來進行手術。

盡管Satava的想法離標準的手術程序領先了好多年，科學家們正在推進虛擬現實手術的過程。加利福尼亞一家國際組織的工程師們正在研究一種電視手術設備。醫生觀察手術室的三維圖像來操作連接在電腦上的儀器，然后電腦把醫生的動作傳送到進行手術的遙控設備。電腦反饋給醫生力度、肌理和聲音方面的信息。

這些技術奇跡可能還不能成為社區醫院的設備，但是這些機器將日益應用于民用醫療。在韋恩州立大學醫學院，Lucia Zamorano醫生通過電腦掃描來獲取大腦的影像，然后再用一個電腦程序做出3D影像。她在電腦屏幕上操縱3D影像來計算規劃用時最短、傷害最小的腫瘤手術方案。Zamorano還使用在手術器械上安置探針以追蹤其位置的技術。在進行大腦深部的腫瘤切除時，她可以觀察手術器具在事先做好的電腦上的大腦圖像中的運動。

在操縱微型相機和手術器械進行體內微小部分的切除手術時，醫生們戴著3D眼鏡來獲得更好的觀察圖像。他們可以操作機器醫生來切除任何組織，而且比人類醫生更為精確。

Satava說：“我們正處在醫療領域發生根本變化的時代中。”

解題之路

1.選C。本題問根據Richard Satava，虛擬現實技術在醫學上的應用會有什么后果？Satava在本文第二段中說，擁有虛擬現實，我們將可以使每個戰壕里都有醫生；在最后一段中說，我們正處于醫學領域的根本變革中。根據這兩句，并結合整篇文章考慮，可以得出本題應選C.will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefield將極大地改善戰場上的醫療條件。A.will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefield，該選項和實際情況恰恰相反；B.can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefield，文中根本沒有提到提高士兵士氣這一點；D.can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield，文中也未提及虛擬現實技術可以使受傷士兵的手術時間縮短。

2.選A。本題問Satava有什么設想？問題出處必須以Satava為主語，文中涉及Satava的句子并不多，我們可以迅速定位到第二段第二句，其中envisage和has visions of對應，本句大意為：他設想可以將海外受傷的士兵放在配有計算機的移動手術病房里。接著的第三段大意：計算機將把士兵傷口的圖像傳給遠在美國的戴著頭盔的醫生，頭盔上會有圖像顯示。根據以上內容，答案可以確定為A.using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas使用遠程控制技術來治療在海外受傷的士兵。B.wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefield受傷的士兵在戰場上被戴著虛擬現實頭盔的醫生救治，錯在on the battlefield，因為原文說帶著頭盔的醫生并不要親臨戰場；C.wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeons受傷的士兵由受到特別訓練的醫生手術，原文沒有提及；D.setting up mobile surgical units overseas在海外建立移動手術病房，和答案沾點邊，但并不確切，沒有說出虛擬現實技術的實質。

3.選C。本題問虛擬現實手術是如何進行的？根據關鍵詞virtual reality surgery，可以將問題定位到文章第四段。該段第三句說，醫生一面觀察手術的三維圖像，一面移動和一臺計算機連著的手術器械，計算機將醫生的移動信息傳給實施手術的機器人器械，并向醫生反饋關于力度、質地和聲音的信息。據此，應選C.Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them醫生通過與之相連接的計算機來移動機器人器械。A.It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device，本選項錯在computer-designed，文中并沒有說高精度設備是計算機設計的；B.Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computer這只是醫生在手術時的一個局部情況，并不能說明虛擬現實手術如何進行；D.A 3-D image records the movement。

4.選D。本題問在進行虛擬現實手術時，醫生為什么可以更好地看到身體上的切口？根據關鍵詞better view等可定位到文章倒數第二段第一句，During these procedures和題干During virtual reality operations對應，本句大意為：在這些操縱微型攝像頭和手術器具、通過身體上的小切口進行手術的過程中，醫生戴著3D眼鏡以獲得更好的視覺。可見醫生看得更好的直接、根本的原因就是因為戴了3D眼鏡，因此選D.he is wearing 3-D glasses。A.he is looking at the cuts on a computer screen，該選項未突出題干中的better view的意思；B.the cuts can be examined from different angles，文中并未提及；C.the cuts have been highly magnified該選項只是現象，而非原因。

5.選D。本題問虛擬現實手術在哪方面是對傳統手術的改進？文中第四段、第五段講了虛擬現實手術由機器人器械進行，醫生通過計算機來控制，通過計算機生成的3D圖像來確定最短的、危害最小的手術途徑等，都說明了虛擬現實手術比傳統手術的先進性，D.are done by robot surgeons with greater precision最好地結合了兩段的內容。文中沒有提到虛擬現實手術可以使傷者的痛苦小點，可以使病人更快康復，可以使醫生的工作不枯燥，所以A.cause less pain to the wounded，B.allow the patient to recover more quickly和C.will make human surgeons’work less tedious均應排除。

詞匯精解

advanced adj.先進的，年老的，高級的

medical adj.醫學的，醫療的

virtual adj.實質的，虛擬的

simulated adj.模仿的，冒充的，模擬的

environment n.環境，外界

surgeon n.外科醫生

transmit vt.傳輸，傳達，發射，傳遞

image n.圖像，肖像，形象

guide vt.管理，帶領，指導

robotic adj.機器人的

instrument n.工具，手段，器械，儀器

battlefield n.戰場

practitioner n.從業者，開業者

envisage vt.構想，想象

wounded adj.受傷的

overseas adv.在海外

mobile adj.易變的，機動的，可移動的

surgical adj.外科的，外科醫生的，手術的

surgeon n.外科醫生

helmet n.頭盔，鋼盔

screen n.屏幕

display vt.陳列，展覽，展示

operate vt.操作，運轉，開動，做手術

perform vt.履行，執行，表演，從事

tumor n.腫瘤

graphic n.圖像

procedure n.手續，程序

texture n.紋理，肌理，結構，質地

machinery n.機器，機械

miniature adj.微型的，縮小的

maneuver vt.移動，操作

view n.觀點，見解，意見，景象

難句解析

1.Richard Satava，program manager for advanced medical technologies，has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine，where computers create a“virtual”or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners.

【參考譯文】Richard Satava是一位高級醫療技術方面的項目經理，一直積極推動把虛擬現實應用到醫學領域，這使得計算機為外科醫生和其他醫療工作者創造了一個虛擬或者模擬的環境。

【結構分析】這是一個主從復合句，可以切分為：（Richard Satava，//program manager for advanced medical technologies//，has been a driving force//in bringing virtual reality to medicine//），（where computers create a“virtual”or simulated environment//for surgeons and other medical practitioners//）。第一部分是主句，主干是Richard Satava…has been a driving force，第一個分隔號內是一名詞短語，作主語Richard Satava的同位語，for…technologies是program manager的后定語，第二個分隔號內的in…medicine是范圍狀語；第二部分是where引導的非限定定語從句，修飾前面的medicine，其中的for…practitioners是范圍狀語。

【知識鏈接】program manager項目經理；driving force推動力；simulated environment虛擬環境；medical practitioner從醫者

2.He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.

【參考譯文】他設想了一個場景，即在海外戰斗受傷的士兵被安置在裝備有計算機的移動手術室中。

【結構分析】這是一個主從復合句，可以切分為：（He envisaged a time）（when soldiers//who are wounded fighting overseas//are put in mobile surgical units//equipped with computers//）。第一部分是主句；第二部分是when引導的a time的定語從句，其主干是soldiers…are put in mobile surgical units，第一個分隔號內是who引導的soldiers的定語從句，主語是who，謂語是are wounded，現在分詞fighting是伴隨狀語，overseas是地點狀語，第二個分隔號內的過去分詞短語equipped with computers是units的后定語。

【知識鏈接】surgical unit手術室；be equipped with裝備有……

3.The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound.

【參考譯文】醫生可以利用虛擬現實頭盔來觀察士兵，這個頭盔包含有一個能顯示傷口圖像的小屏幕。

【結構分析】這是一個主從復合句，可以切分為：（The surgeons would look at the soldier//through virtual reality helmets//）（that contain a small screen//displaying the image of the wound//）。第一部分是主句，through…helmets是方式狀語；第二部分是that引導的helmets的定語從句，現在分詞短語displaying…wound是前面screen的后定語。

【知識鏈接】virtual reality虛擬現實

4.The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.

【參考譯文】醫生可以操作戰場上移動手術室里的遙控設備進行手術。

【結構分析】這是一個主從復合句，主句是The doctors would guide robotic instruments，介詞短語in…unit是賓語robotic instruments的后定語，that…soldier是robotic instruments的定語從句。

【知識鏈接】robotic instrument機器人設備；in the battlefield戰場上

5.As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery，they move instruments that are connected to a computer，which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery.

【參考譯文】醫生觀察手術室的三維圖像來操作連接在電腦上的儀器，然后電腦把醫生的動作傳送到進行手術的遙控設備。

【結構分析】這是一個主從復合句，可以切分為：（As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery），（they move instruments//that are connected to a computer//），（which passes their movements to robotic instruments//that perform the surgery//）。第一部分是As引導的時間狀語從句；第二部分是主句，其中的主語they指代前面從句的surgeons，分隔號內是th引導的instruments的定語從句；第三部分是which引導的定語從句，修飾computer，their指代前面的instruments，分隔號內是that引導的robotic instruments的定語從句。

【知識鏈接】three-dimensional三維的；be connected to與……連接

6.While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain，she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient’s brain taken before surgery.

【參考譯文】在進行大腦深部的腫瘤切除時，她可以觀察手術器具在事先做好的電腦上的大腦圖像中的運動。

【結構分析】這是一個主從復合句，可以切分為：（While cutting away a tumor//deep in the brain//），（she watches the movement of her surgical tools//in a computer graphics image of the patient’s brain////taken before surgery//）。第一部分是While引導的時間狀語從句，形容詞短語deep…brain是tumor的后定語；第二部分是主句，in…brain是地點狀語，過去分詞taken是前面computer graphics image的后定語，before surgery是時間狀語。

【知識鏈接】cut away切除

7.During these procedures—operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered—surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view.

【參考譯文】在操縱微型相機和手術器械進行體內微小部分的切除手術時，醫生們戴著3D眼鏡來獲得更好的觀察圖像。

【結構分析】這個句子的主干在最后，即surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses，for a better view是目的狀語；句首的During these procedures是時間狀語；破折號之間的內容是難點，不過整體上是一名詞短語，作前面procedures的同位語，可以切分為：operations（that are done through small cuts in the body）（in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered），第一部分是that引導的operations的定語從句，in the body是small cuts的后定語；第二部分是in which引導的small cuts的定語從句。

【知識鏈接】3-D三維的；miniature camera微型照相機