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2 英語文章連貫與銜接

2.1 連貫性

連貫,顧名思義,指的是文章前后意義、前后觀點聯會貫通,像火車一樣,一節緊跟一節,讀者讀到一個意義、一個觀點,能和前面的意義和觀點相連接,思緒不會跳躍。要做到連貫,意義和觀點應該邏輯嚴謹,前后安排合理。

邏輯又是什么呢?看起來比較復雜的兩個字其實很“日常”,邏輯就是人們觀察、了解和談論世界的習慣的、約定俗成的方式。比如,你會怎么觀察一個人,先關注他/她的臉還是腳?你會怎么介紹你的學習經歷,先介紹小學,然后幼兒園,之后大學,最后中學?估計大家前一個問題的答案都是看人先看臉,先看腳太奇怪且不合邏輯,而后一個問題中關于學習經歷的排序,是不是感覺有點亂,改為先介紹幼兒園,然后小學,之后中學,最后大學才符合常理。

具體來說,常見的邏輯可以有以下九種。

2.1.1 總分關系

概述總結的內容在前,具體細節的內容在后。英語寫作中,我們通常會先想到寫下粗略的想法,這時一定不要止步于此,我們還應該對粗略的想法進一步給予說明論證。

示例1

The supermarket is stocked with a vast array of goods(總),including food items, bedding, and electrical appliances(分).

示例2

Solitude can significantly contribute to an individual’s personal development.(總)On one hand, it provides ample time for self-reflection, enabling a deeper understanding of oneself.(分)On the other hand, being in the company of others often leads to a subconscious or conscious tendency to compare, which can divert one’s focus from their own unique objectives.(分)

2.1.2 分總關系

具體細節內容在前,概括總結內容在后。英語寫作中,我們也有可能先想到繼而寫下具象細節的、說明論證其他觀點的內容,然后再對以上內容進行概述。

示例1

There are food items, bedding, and electrical appliances in the supermarket(分),which is stocked with a vast array of goods(總).

示例2

On one hand, solitude provides ample time for self-reflection, enabling a deeper understanding of oneself.(分)On the other hand, being in the company of others often leads to a subconscious or conscious tendency to compare, which can divert one’s focus from their own unique objectives.(分)Therefore, solitude can significantly contribute to an individual’s personal development.(總)

2.1.3 年齡順序

當寫作涉及各個年齡層次的人時,一般會先寫年齡最小的,再寫年齡稍大的,最后寫最年長的,年齡從小到大才符合邏輯。

示例

In the heart of the bustling square, the morning unfolds in a vibrant tapestry of life, each age group contributing to the rich scene.

First, the children emerge, their energy and innocence setting the tone for the day. They run and play, their laughter echoing through the air as they engage in simple games of tag or soccer.Their faces are full of joy and enthusiasm, reflecting the boundless energy of youth.

Following closely, the teenagers make their appearance. Skateboards and basketballs are their companions, as they navigate the square with a mix of skill and style.Conversations are animated, filled with the latest trends, school gossip, and dreams for the future.

Next, the adults, a diverse mix of young professionals and middle-aged parents, step into the scene. They walk with purpose, perhaps heading to work or engaging in their morning routines.Some read newspapers or listen to podcasts on their way, while others might be jogging or practicing yoga.Their interactions are quieter, yet filled with the wisdom and experiences that come with age.

Finally, the elderly take their place, their presence a testament to the community's depth and history. They might be seen practicing tai chi, chatting with neighbors, or simply enjoying the serene atmosphere of the square.

(該篇章描寫了清晨廣場上的人們,第一段先概述清晨廣場上的人們已經活躍起來,和余下段落是總分關系,余下段落按照年齡順序分別描寫了兒童、青少年、成年人和老人在廣場上的行為。)

2.1.4 空間順序

在寫作空間事物時,我們通常按照從上到下、從左到右、從里到外、從中間往兩邊的順序,也可以按照觀察者所到之處排序。

示例

When you walk into the theater, the big foyer catches your eye right away because of its fancy decorations and that feeling of excitement. You see a grand staircase as you come in, and it leads up to the main auditorium.The walls have beautiful, detailed paintings and fancy moldings on them, making the place look elegant and classy.When you go into the auditorium, there's a huge space that opens up, and you see rows and rows of comfy seats arranged in tiers.At the far end, the stage is like a blank canvas waiting to change.There are spotlights giving offa warm light.The smell of fresh paint and the feel of the velvet curtains make the atmosphere even better.On the sides of the auditorium, there are skilled technicians in the sound booth and at the lighting control panels.Their fingers are moving over the buttons and sliders.The balcony gives you a bird’s-eye view of the seating area.There are private boxes on both sides that give a few people an intimate place to sit.Under the stage, it’s busy in the dressing rooms and the props area, which is different from the calm atmosphere above.Actors are putting on makeup, costumes are carefully put in order, and stagehands are getting the scenery and props ready carefully.The theater is a place where art and life meet.Every detail is made to give the audience an unforgettable experience, from the moment they come in until the final bow.

(該篇章描寫劇院的場景,先描寫大門廳樓梯和墻壁裝飾,進入禮堂后位于視野中間的豪華座椅和舞臺,然后是禮堂兩側的音響室、燈光控制室、陽臺、陽臺兩側的私人包廂,最后是舞臺下方的更衣室和道具區。從觀察者的視角,按照從中間往兩邊、從上到下的順序描寫。前文和最后一句是分總關系,該句總括劇院是藝術和生活交匯的地方,劇院的每個細節都在為觀眾創造難忘的回憶。)

2.1.5 遞進關系

當寫作的事物有程度和范圍上的區別時,我們應按照程度上由淺入深、由弱至強,范圍上由小到大、從局部到整體的順序討論事物。

示例

Marriage has several positive values for people. At the most basic level, it provides companionship.Sharing life's joys and sorrows with a partner makes one feel less alone.A deeper value is the sense of emotional support.A spouse can offer understanding and encouragement during difficult times, boosting one’s confidence and resilience.Stronger still, marriage often leads to a sense of shared responsibility and commitment.Working together towards common goals, such as building a home or raising children, creates a sense of purpose and achievement.Finally, a long and healthy marriage can foster personal growth.Through compromise and mutual learning, individuals can become more mature, empathetic, and better at handling relationships.

(該篇章第一句概述婚姻帶給人們很多積極價值,和余下句子是總分關系。余下句子從陪伴、情緒價值、目標感和成就感、自我成長四個方面,由淺至深、由基礎到高級的順序說明具體的積極價值。)

2.1.6 轉折關系

寫作中可將事物或人物A與對立的事物或人物B進行對比。

示例1

Despite hardship and struggle in marriage, it has several positive values for people.

(婚姻中的困境與掙扎和婚姻帶來的積極價值相對立。)

示例2

Using AI in medical activities offers benefits and drawbacks.benefits include faster diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, and reduced human error.However, drawbacks are the potential for misinterpretation, privacy concerns, and the risk of over-reliance on technology, which could undermine the doctor-patient relationship.Additionally, there’s a need for robust ethical guidelines to ensure AI’s responsible use in healthcare.

(該篇章第一句和余下句子是總分關系,第一句概述AI應用在醫療活動中有利有弊,余下句子說明解釋具體利弊。“利”包括快速診斷、個性化醫療方案、減少人為錯誤,“弊”包括可能出現誤判、隱私問題、對技術過度依賴、不利于醫患關系、倫理準則不完善的問題。“利”和“弊”形成轉折關系。)

2.1.7 并列關系

如果意義、細節、觀點等除了屬于同一類別外,沒有其他關系,寫作中可以把它們簡單羅列在一起,如同購物清單中的物品,即使調換它們的順序,意義仍然保持不變。

示例1

There are food items, bedding, and electrical appliances in the supermarket.

(食品、床品和電器是并列關系,可以改變它們的順序,對意義表達沒有影響。)

示例2

Although it is early morning, students are already busy with a lot of work. Some students are reviewing their homework and notes from the previous day, ensuring they understand the material before moving on.Others are organizing their textbooks, notebooks, and other study materials to be ready for the morning classes.Some students are discussing with their peers about their homework or the topics they are about to cover, helping each other to make improvements.A few students are reading assigned texts or chapters from their textbooks, getting a head start on the day's lessons.Others are engaging in a silent reading period, which allows for focused reading and comprehension of complex material.Some are jotting down important points or questions they have from the previous day's lesson, preparing to ask the teacher for clarification.A few are completing warm-up exercises or practice problems to refresh their understanding of the subject matter.Some students are using this time to prepare for upcoming tests or exams, reviewing key concepts and memorizing important information.

(該篇章第一句總括學生早自習非常忙碌,與余下句子是總分關系。余下句子描寫學生忙著做的具體事情,包括回顧作業、復習筆記、整理課本等學習材料、和同學討論作業題目、朗讀或默讀、匆匆記下要點問題、作題目熱身或準備考試。這些描寫學生做的具體事情的句子是一個清單,改變它們的順序,仍然可以保持原意。)

2.1.8 因果關系

如果某事直接或間接導致另一事的發生,兩件事之間形成因果關系。寫作中,可以按照先因后果或先果后因的順序排列內容。(詳見“5.5因果”)

示例

Richard had great enthusiasm for extracurricular activities. He joined the debate team, volunteered at a local library, and even started a tutoring program for underprivileged children.He was attending meetings and events late at night, sacrificing sleep and study time.His grades, once exemplary, were now slipping, and he felt the weight of academic pressure mounting.

(該篇章第一句和后面兩句是總分關系,后面兩句詳細說明了第一句中理查德熱衷于課外活動的具體表現,兩句話交換位置不影響意義表達,呈并列關系。前三句和最后一句呈因果關系,前三句是最后一句理查德學習成績下滑、學習壓力增加的原因。)

2.1.9 時間順序

除非為了制造懸念,我們通常按照事情或動作發生的先后順序呈現它們。

示例

From a young age, Einstein displayed a passion for understanding the universe. He excelled in mathematics and physics, often advancing beyond the curriculum.At the age of 17,he passed the entrance exam for the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, though he initially struggled with the rote learning approach.Einstein's formal education was complemented by his self-study and discussions with a small group of friends, known as the Olympia Academy.They explored the latest scientific ideas and philosophical questions.In 1905,while working as a patent clerk, Einstein published four groundbreaking papers, including the theory of special relativity, which propelled him to international fame.

(該篇章按照時間順序呈現了愛因斯坦的學習、工作、成名經歷。)

大語言模型提示語

您是一名英語文章編輯,主要負責審查句子之間的邏輯關系是否連貫,邏輯關系主要包括總分關系、分總關系、時間順序、空間順序、轉折關系、因果關系、并列關系和遞進關系。請指出下文句子之間邏輯關系不合理之處,并給出具體修改建議。請您一步一步思考。謝謝!

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