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第四節 研究內容與新意

本書試圖回答下面幾個問題。第一,麥考萊輝格史觀的內容、特征及其評價。第二,麥考萊史學思想的浪漫主義、理性主義內涵及其表現形式。第三,麥考萊自由的帝國主義思想的內容,他在印度的立法改革以及對印度社會的影響,該如何評價他的改革措施和種族主義觀念。第四,麥考萊的學術影響,他留下了哪些輝格史學遺產,他的文風的特征和形成過程,以及他對英國史學通俗化的貢獻。

如果說這本書有什么新意的話,主要是它站在中國研究者的立場上,充分運用原始文獻和各種研究資料,努力回應西方學術界關于麥考萊的爭論,又結合當下國內的學術研究熱點闡明麥考萊著作的學術價值。

第一,運用多種史料對麥考萊進行橫向和縱向的立體研究。本書從麥考萊的文本出發,運用麥考萊的《英國史》、史論、書信、日記、議會演講,還有英國議會議事錄等多種史料來闡釋麥考萊的史學思想,重視對當時的社會和思想背景的研究,分析這些背景因素對麥考萊的影響。既把麥考萊放在英國整個輝格史學的發展脈絡中進行考察,也注意把他與其他歷史學家進行橫向比較研究。

第二,深入闡釋麥考萊進步觀的復雜內涵。本書對麥考萊的進步觀進行了更為全面的考查,進一步闡述了麥考萊思想中一個容易被人忽視的地方,即他認為人們的想象、詩歌等精神領域的發展不是一種累積和連續的進步,麥考萊的進步觀是線性進步觀和非線性發展觀的結合。

第三,從新的研究視角發掘麥考萊史學的社會價值。本書嘗試從國家認同的角度分析麥考萊的民族和國家歷史敘事,闡釋麥考萊對英國性的認識和他建構英國國家認同的方式。此外,還從通俗史學的層面上研究麥考萊史學的影響。通過對英國通俗史學的個案研究,以期對當下國內的史學討論有所助益。


[1] [美]J.W.湯普森:《歷史著作史》,下卷第三分冊,孫秉瑩、謝德風譯,商務印書館1996年版,第478—479頁。

[2] [英]喬治·古奇:《十九世紀歷史學與歷史學家》,耿淡如譯,商務印書館1997年版,第494頁。引文對原譯文有所改動。英文原版出版于1913年,1952年再版。

[3] [美]格特魯德·希梅爾法布:《新舊歷史學》,余偉譯,新星出版社2007年版,第183頁。

[4] 本書對麥考萊生平的介紹主要參考了下列文獻:G. O. Trevelyan,The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,2 vols,London:Longman,Green and Co.,1876;J. C. Morrison,Macaulay,London:Macmillan and co.,1882;William Thomas,“Macaulay,Thomas Babington,Baron Macaulay(1800-1859),”Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,Oxford University Press,2004,online edn,January 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17349]。

[5] G. O. Trevelyan,The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,vol.1,London:Longman,Green,and Co.,1876,pp.31,45.

[6] G. O. Trevelyan,The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,vol.1,London:Longman,Green,and Co.,1876,p.76.

[7] G. O. Trevelyan,The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,vol.1,London:Longman,Green,and Co.,1876,p.172.

[8] J. C. Morrison,Macaulay,London:Macmillan and co.,1882,p.21.

[9] T. B. Macaulay,“The Letter to Thomas Flower Ellis,”Sept.30,1835,in The Letters of Thomas Babington Macaulay,vol.3,Thomas Pinney ed.,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1976,p.158.

[10] Catherine Hall,“Macaulay's Nation,”Victorian Studies,Vol.51,No.3(Spr.,2009),p.516.

[11] T. B. Macaulay,“The Letter to Macvery Napier,”July 20,1838,in Thomas Pinney ed.,The Letters of Thomas Babington Macaulay,vol.3,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1976,p.252.

[12] T. B. Macaulay,“The Letter to Macvery Napier,”Nov.5,1841,in Thomas Pinney ed.,The Letters of Thomas Babington Macaulay,vol.4,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1977,p.15.

[13] G. O. Trevelyan,The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,vol.2,London:Longman,Green,and Co.,1876,pp.218-219.

[14] G. O. Trevelyan,The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,vol.2,London:Longman,Green,and Co.,1876,p.260.

[15] T. B. Macaulay,The History of England from the Accession of James the Second,Vols. I and II.,1849;Vols. Ⅲ and Ⅳ,1855;Vol.Ⅴ,1861,London:Longman,Brown,Green,and Longmans(下文引用此書時簡稱為The History of England)。麥考萊的《英國史》版本眾多,有單行本,也有作為個人作品全集的一部分;有各式的節選本,也有全本;有英國倫敦的版本,也有美國紐約、費城等版本。雖然一些學者認為由歷史學家弗斯(C. H. Firth)編輯的六卷本《英國史》(London:Macmillan & Company,Limited,1913-1915)在眾多版本中比較權威,但從學者們實際使用的版本來看,則十分多樣化,有英國人人圖書館出版的四卷本、有倫敦朗曼的五卷本,也有前述弗斯的版本,還有一些學者參考的是麥考萊全集的《英國史》。本書選擇的版本是倫敦朗曼出版的五卷本。麥考萊《英國史》已有兩個版本的中譯本問世,一個譯本由北京時代華文出版集團出版,另一版本由吉林出版集團有限責任公司出版,由劉仲敬獨譯。本書在引用麥考萊《英國史》時從英文原著譯出,并參考了中譯本。

[16] T. B. Macaulay,Critical and Historical Essays,London:Brown,Green and Longmans,1843.其中收錄的文章后來全部被收入《麥考萊雜集》(Lady Trevelyan ed.,The Miscellaneous Works of Lord Macaulay,10 vols,New York and London:G.P. Putnam's Sons,1898.)的第一卷到第六卷。雜集除了收錄麥考萊的評論和史論(第一卷到第六卷),還收錄了他的人物傳記,印度刑法草案(第七卷),詩歌集(第八卷),演講集(第九卷到第十卷)。

[17] 麥考萊的史論大部分發表在《愛丁堡評論》上,有“Machiavelli,”March 1827;“History,”May 1828;“Hallam's Constitutional History,”September 1828;Hampden,December 1831;“War of Succession in Spain,”January 1833;“Horace Walpole,”October 1833;“Lord Chatham,”January 1834;“Mackintosh's history of Revolution,”July 1835;“Sir William Temple,”October 1838;“Gladstoneon Church and State,”April 1839;“Clive,”January 1840;“Ranke's history of the Popes,”October 1840;“Lord Holland,”July 1841;“Warren Hastings,”October 1841;“Frederick the Great,”April 1842;“Lord Chatham,”(2nd Art.)October 1844。參見Lady Trevelyan ed.,The Miscellaneous Works of Lord Macaulay,10 vols,New York and London:G.P. Putnam's Sons,1898。

[18] G. O. Trevelyan,The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay,2 vols,London:Longman,Green and Co.,1876.

[19] Thomas Pinney,ed.,The Letters of Thomas Babington Macaulay,6 vols,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1974-1981.

[20] William Thomas,ed.,The Journals of Thomas Babington Macaulay,5 vols .London:Pickering and Chatto,2008.

[21] William Thomas,ed.,The Journals of Thomas Babington Macaulay,vol.1,London:Pickering and Chatto,2008,preface,p.22.

[22] [英]喬治·古奇:《十九世紀歷史學與歷史學家》,耿淡如譯,商務印書館1997年版,第483—499頁。

[23] [美]J. W. 湯普森:《歷史著作史》下卷第三分冊,孫秉瑩、謝德風譯,商務印書館1996年版,第401—411頁。

[24] [蘇]維諾格拉多夫:《近代現代英國史學概論》,何清新譯,商務印書館1961年版,第33—37頁。

[25] Michael Bentley,Modernizing England's Past:English Historiography in the Age of Modernism,1870-1970,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005.

[26] [英]約翰·布羅:《歷史的歷史:從遠古到20世紀的歷史書寫》,黃煜文譯,廣西師范大學出版社2012年版,第351—360頁。

[27] [英]弗里德利希·馮·哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》,鄧正來譯,生活·讀書·新知三聯書店1997年版,第219、396頁。

[28] [美]波考克:《德行、商業和歷史:18世紀政治思想與歷史論輯》,馮克利譯,生活·讀書·新知三聯書店2012年版,第446—463頁。

[29] 持贊賞態度的有Anonymous,“Macaulay's History of England,”Edinburgh Review,vol. 90,(July1849),pp.249-292;James Moncreiff,“Macaulay's History of England,”Edinburgh Review,vol.105,(January 1857),pp.142-180.James Moncreiff,“Macaulay's History of England-Fifth Volume,”Edinburgh Review,vol.114(October1861),pp.279-317;Henry Reeve,“Lord Macaulay,”Edinburgh Review 111(January 1860),pp.273-276;Smith,C. C.,“Lord Macaulay as an historian,”North American Review,vol. 93(October 1861),pp.418-456。持否定態度的有John Paget,“Macaulay and Marlborough,”Blackwood's Magazine 85(June 1859)and his“Lord Macaulay and the massacre of glencoe,”Blackwood's Magazine 85(July 1859),“Macaulay and the Highlands of Scotland,”Blackwood's Magazine 86(August 1859),“Lord Macaulay and Dundee,”Blackwood's Magazine 88(August 1860)。John Paget的上述四篇論文,加上另一篇關于“Willam Penn”的文章結集為The New Examen;or an Enquiry into tlte Evidence relating to certain Passages in Lord Macaulay's History,Edinburgh nnd London:William Blackwood and Sons,1861。褒貶參半的有Archibald Alison,“Macaulay's History of England,”Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine,vol.65(April 1849),pp.383-405;Margaret Oliphant,“Macaulay,”Blackwood's Magazine,vol.80(August 1856),pp.127-141,and his“Macaulay,”Blackwood's Magazine,vol.80(September 1856),pp.365-378;“Macaulay's History of England,”Bentley's Miscellany,vol.39(January 1856),pp.206-220。

[30] Anonymous,“Macaulay's History of England,”Edinburgh Review,vol.90,July1849,p.291.

[31] Walter Bagehot,Literary Studies,3 vols,NewYork:Longman's Green and co.,1898.

[32] John Paget,The New Examen;or an Enquiry into tlte Evidence relating to certain Passages in Lord Macaulay's History,Edinburgh and London:William Blackwood and Sons,1861.

[33] James Moncreiff,“Macaulay's History of England-Fifth Volume,”Edinburgh Review,vol.114(October1861),p.286.

[34] C. C. Smith,“Lord Macaulay as an Historian,”North American Review,vol. 93(October 1861),p.453.

[35] W. E. Gladstone,“Macaulay,”Gleanings of Past Years,1844-1878,vol.2,London:John Murray,1879,pp.265-341,reprinted from Quarterly Review(July 1876).

[36] Leslie Stephen,“Macaulay,”Hours in a Library,third series,London:Smith,Elder,and co.,1879,pp. 279-324.

[37] John Morley,“Macaulay”,Critical Miscellanies,vol.1,London:Macmillan and co.,1886,pp.253-291.

[38] D. A. Hughes,Thomas Babington Macaulay:the Rhetorician,an Examination of his structural Devices in the History of England,the Dissertation of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,Cornell University,1898.

[39] Herbert Paul,“Macaulay and his Critics,”Men and Letters,London:John Lane,1901,pp.284-313.

[40] A. S. G. Canning,Lord Macaulay:Essayist and Historians,London:Smith Elder,and co.,1882.

[41] J. C. Morrison,Macaulay,London:Macmillan and co.,1882.

[42] P. H. Ditchfield,“The Errors of Lord Macaulay in His Estimation of the Squires and Parsons of the Seventeenth Century,”Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Third Series,Vol. 9(1915),pp. 77-93.

[43] C. H. Firth,A Commentary on Macaulay's History of England,London:Macmillan and Co.,1938.

[44] Godfrey Daves,“The Treatment of Constitutional History of Macaulay's History of England,”Huntingdon Library Quarterly,Vol.2,No.2(1939),pp.179-204.

[45] W. R.Thayer,“Macaulay Fifty Years After,”North American Review,Vol.190(July/Dec 1909),pp.735-752.

[46] A. R. Hassard,L. A New light on Lord Macaulay,Toronto:Rockingham Press,1918.

[47] Herbert Butterfield,The Whig Interpretation of History,New York:The Norton library,1965,初版出版于1931年。中譯本[英]巴特菲爾德:《歷史的輝格解釋》,張岳明、劉北成譯,商務印書館2012年版。

[48] R. L. Schuyler,“Macaulay and his History-A Hundred Years,”Political Science Quarterly,Vol. 63,No. 2(Jun.,1948),pp. 161-193.

[49] J. H. Plumb,“Thomas Babington Macaulay,”University of Toronto Quarterly,Vol.26(1956).

[50] Andrew Browning,“Lord Macaulay,1800-59,”The Historical Journal,Vol. 2,No. 2(1959),pp. 149-160.

[51] John Clive,“Macaulay,History and the Historians,”History Today,Vol.9,No.12(1959),pp.830-836.

[52] J. R. Griffin,“The Intellectual Milieu of Lord Macaulay,”D.P. Dissertation,University of Ottawa,1963.

[53] John Clive,Macaulay:The Shaping of the Historian . New York:Knopf,1973.

[54] William Madden,“Macaulay's Styles,”in George Levine and William Madden eds.,The Art of Victorian Prose,London:Oxford University Press,1968,pp.127-151.

[55] George Levine,The Boundaries of Fiction:Carlyle,Macaulay,Newma n,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1968,pp.79-163.

[56] Jane Millgate,Macaulay,London and Boston:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1973.

[57] Peter Gay,Style in History,New York:Basic Books,INC,1974.

[58] Rosemary Jann,The Art and Science of Victorian History,Columbus:Ohio State University Press,1985.

[59] W. A. Davis,“This Is My Theory:Macaulay on Periodical Style,”Victorian Periodicals Review,Vol. 20,No. 1(Spring,1987),pp.12-22.

[60] Mark Phillips,“Macaulay,Scott,and the Literary Challenge to Historiography,”Journal of the History of Ideas,Vol. 50,No. 1(Jan/Mar.,1989),pp. 117-133.

[61] Joseph Hamburger,Macaulay and the Whig Tradition,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1976.

[62] P. B.M. Blass,Continuity and Anachronism:Parliamentary and Constitutional Development in Whig Historiography and in the anti-Whig Reaction between 1890 and 1930,The Hague:Boston M. Nijhoff,1978,pp.111-139.

[63] W.A.Speck,“Thomas Babington Macaulay,”in John Cannon ed.,The Historian at Work,London:George Allen & Unwin,1980.

[64] J.W. Burrow,A Liberal Descent:Victorian Historians and the Past,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981.

[65] John Clive,“Amusement and Instruction:Gibbon and Macaulay,”Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society,Third Series,Vol. 87(1975),pp.45-56.

[66] Catherine Hall,“Home with History:Macaulay and the History of England,”in Catherine Hall and S. O. Rose,eds.,At Home with the Empire:Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006,pp.32-52.

[67] Catherine Hall,“Macaulay's Nation,”Victorian Studies,Vol.51,No.3(spring,2009),pp.505-523.

[68] Theodore Koditschek,Liberalism,Imperialism,and the Historical Imagination:Nineteenth-Century Visions of a Greater Britain,New York:Cambridge University Press,2011,pp.99-149.

[69] R. E. Sullivan,Macaulay:The Tragedy of Power,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2009.

[70] Edward Adams,“Macaulay's History of England and the Dilemmas of liberal Epic,”Nineteenth-Century Prose,Vol. 33,No.2(2006),pp.149-174.

[71] Edward Adams,Liberal Epic:The Victorian Practice of History from Gibbon to Churchill,Charlottesville,VA:University of Virginia Press,2011.

[72] O. D. Edwards,“The ranks of Tuscany:Macaulay on Ranke's Die romischen Papste,”Nineteenth-Century Prose,Vol.33.No.2(2006),pp.49-81;D. C. Hanson,“Precocity and sibling relations:Goethe and Macaulay family life writing,”Nineteenth-Century Prose,Vol.33. No.2(2006),pp. 18-48;Jack.Harrington,“Macaulay,Lord Clive and the imperial tradition,”Nineteenth-Century Prose,Vol.33.No.2(2006),pp.124-148;G.J.V.Prasad,“A minute stretching into centuries:Macaulay,English,and India,”Nineteenth-Century Prose,Vol.33.No.2(2006),pp.175-198;

[73] Ian Hesketh,“Writing History in Macaulay's Shadow:J.R. Seeley,E.A. Freeman,and the Audience for Scientific History in Late Victorian Britain,”Journal of the Canadian Historical Association,Vol. 22,No.2,2011,pp.30-56.

[74] D. S. Brigman,English History through the Historians’ eyes:Revisiting David Hume and Thomas Babington Macaulay,An Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History and Anthropology University of Central Missouri,2012.(http://centralspace.ucmo.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10768/151/DBrigman_HISTORY.pdf?sequence=1)

[75] 陳明鑒:《馬考萊的史學觀點》,《世界歷史》1981年第4期;譚英華:《試論馬考萊的史學》,《世界歷史》1983年第l期。

[76] 閻照祥:《英國輝格史學派先驅者論略》,《河南大學學報》(社會科學版)2007年第6期。

[77] 肖英芳:《論19世紀英國輝格派史學》,碩士學位論文,山東大學,2008年。

[78] 張娜:《論馬考萊的史學思想》,碩士論文,山東大學,2011年。

[79] 張廣智:《西方史學史》,復旦大學出版社2000年1版,此后2版、3版對于麥考萊的論述都沒有變化。

[80] 何平:《西方歷史編撰學史》,商務印書館2010年版,第161—163頁。

[81] 易蘭:《西方史學通史》第5卷近代時期下,復旦大學出版社2011年版,第173—187頁。

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