摘要

世界的近代化歷史也是資本的全球擴張歷史，“二戰”后隨著資本國際壟斷的形成，世界進入了跨國資本主義時代。以美國利益為核心的跨國資本主義文化霸權，對各國的文化傳統和核心思想都造成了持續沖擊，因此考察其他國家的文化核心價值，保護本國的文化邊界和文化安全，應該成為中國學者重點關注的課題。19世紀俄國文化在國力衰減的背景下強勢崛起，這一事實本身即值得仔細研究。俄國思想家數個世紀集體打造的俄國思想，是俄國民族自信和文化自信的內在基石，并且對國家意識形態的推廣起到重要作用，直到今天依然保證其文化強國的世界地位。由于特殊的歷史情境，俄國文學一直在追求民族生活的精神意義，承擔起社會啟蒙和塑造民族意識的重任，用具有普遍審美價值的藝術語言向全世界宣告俄國人的原創性理念，成為俄國思想的重要載體，也是世界文化寶庫中的精神財富。

本書以19世紀末20世紀初俄國經典文學最后一位偉大的文學家契訶夫的創作思想為例，結合他與同時代經典文學的另一位偉大的代表作家列夫·托爾斯泰的哲學思想的比較研究，論證俄國文學與俄國思想的內在關系，探討俄國作家對世界的超越性認識，對俄國人的生活和俄羅斯民族面臨的歷史境遇的思考，闡發俄國文學本質所固有的人民性、倫理性、批判性和強烈的人道主義色彩。

目前，對于契訶夫在俄國文學史上的地位，他的詩學特點和修辭藝術，學界已經有了充分的研究，但關于契訶夫的哲學思想，他的創作中反映出來的獨特的俄國式的思維方式，則一直被俄國主流學界所忽視甚至否定。因此本書有一定的論戰性質，從契訶夫與俄國最具影響力的思想潮流和時代主題的呼應角度，論證契訶夫如何在文學中表現俄國思想的共同性質、個性特征和呈現方式，闡明他的世界觀對于俄國思想的貢獻，和對于人類生活的永恒價值。

全書共分為七個部分。

序言總述跨國資本主義及其文化標準在全世界擴張之時，各國所遭遇到的文化安全挑戰。以19世紀俄國文學和思想的發展為鑒，尋找文化崛起的規律。

第一章梳理學界如何認識契訶夫與俄國思想的關系和契訶夫的創作哲學。從作家生前到逝世后100年，對于契訶夫是否是俄國第一流思想家的問題依然沒有得到定論。研究者從各自的立場出發，對契訶夫創作的各個方面進行挖掘，構成了一幅由見解、評論、判斷構成的色彩斑斕、結構復雜的畫面，研究不同時代、不同陣營的俄國思想家和學者接受契訶夫遺產的動機，不但可以更深刻地領悟契訶夫的創作特質，而且可以反觀各個時期的思想主題。

第二章探討契訶夫與當時俄國最有影響力的思想運動之一——托爾斯泰主義的淵源。不把托爾斯泰納入研究的視野，則不可能充分評估契訶夫在19世紀末20世紀初的現實主義寫作的創新意義，只有在同托爾斯泰的相互關系中，我們才能正確地評價契訶夫偉大的獨特性。契訶夫最為看重的，是人在什么樣的情況下，接受了托爾斯泰主義的影響，和托爾斯泰主義究竟采取了什么樣的表達形式才會產生如此之大的魅力，以及現實生活中托爾斯泰主義的實際遭遇。

第三章分析契訶夫與俄國文化啟蒙工作的關系。在19、20世紀之交，契訶夫在新的人文知識和科學知識的交匯處形成了自己獨特的文學立場，指出流行的種種理論、學說、信仰的局限，力求成為沒有偏見的冷靜的觀察者和研究者。在契訶夫的觀念里，人民要建設美好生活，是通過人民自己掌握人類積累的所有最優秀的文化成果來實現的，因而必須改變不合理的勞動分配制度，幫助人民掌握優秀的文化。

第四章論述契訶夫對俄國人的態度。正如俄國哲學所指出的那樣，人被造出來，是為了用神圣的勞動來回應偉大的事業，解脫人身上的罪惡。契訶夫把注意力放在那些灰心喪氣、缺乏意志力的普通人身上，揭露他們身上的奴性和他們的屈辱處境。與俄國思想家一樣，契訶夫在俄羅斯人身上看到深刻的智慧、廣闊的氣魄、細膩的感情、充沛的精力、對自由的熱愛，但也看到他們經常忘記自己的良心，喪失改變現實的勇氣。因此契訶夫吁求理性、意志、尊嚴，為了建設自己的生活，為了使生活變得更有意義。

第五章展現契訶夫對人與世界的關系的理解。在19世紀末的歐洲，強權、暴力以法律和文明的名義，壓迫和束縛人的個性，排斥自由的生命活動，俄國思想家們正是在這一點與西方思想中的理性主義法律觀進行論戰。契訶夫批判沒有變化的生活，仿佛早已經被設定好，成為人人遵守，習以為常的規矩，而正是這種凝固的日常習俗掩蓋了人們生活的庸俗本質，使人甚至看不到公然犯罪的可怕。為此契訶夫呼吁人必須要進行人類學的改造，成為巨人。

結語部分表明，契訶夫不但有完整的世界觀和明確的哲學觀念，而且各種“思想”在他的作品里異常密集。雖然他一貫主張只提出問題而不解決問題，但這種提問本身便是他對俄國思想史上的重大議題的積極回應。通過對生活意義的反復追問，契訶夫為人類打開了從閉塞狹隘通向遼闊遠方的道路，在契訶夫無情地加以呈現的冷酷乏味的地平線上方，思想的閃耀如同霞光一般輝映在人們的心頭，溫暖著每一個渴望尋求真理的生命。在普遍的麻木不仁的生活環境下，契訶夫敲打著人的靈魂，提醒在這個世界上還有大量默默無聞承受生活重負的人，所有人的命運實際上都息息相關，孤立的自由和幸福是建立在他人的痛苦之上的。在公正平等與同情仁愛的基礎上對人類共同命運的提醒——俄國經典文學遺產也以此為當下中國提出的現代世界中人類的和諧發展道路提供了證明。

關鍵詞：俄國思想；托爾斯泰主義；文化啟蒙；人的哲學；契訶夫

Abstract

The modernization history of the world is also the global expansion history of the capitalism.The formation of the international capital monopoly after WWII marks the coming of the era of transnational capitalism.The culture hegemony of transnational capitalism centered on the interest of America brings continuous strike to other countries and their traditional culture and ideology.Therefore,Chinese scholars should pay more attention on the investigation of the core cultural value of other countries,in order to protect the cultural boundary and cultural security of our own country.In the 19 thcentury,the Russian culture emerges to exaltation despite its power attenuation; this fact per se deserves careful study.The Russian idea,forged collectively by centuries of thinkers,is the inherent cornerstone of the national confidence and cultural confidence.It plays an important role in the national ideology and today still guarantees Russia to be a powerful cultural country in the world stage.Due to its special historical circumstances,the Russian Literature is always pursuing the spiritual meaning of national life; it undertakes the huge responsibility of social enlightenment and building national consciousness,declaring to the world the Russian's originality by the artistic language which possesses universal aesthetic value,consequently,it is an important carrier of Russian idea,and the spiritual treasure in the treasure house of the world culture.

This book takes the example of the creative thoughts of Anton Chekhov,the last great writer in the late 19 thcentury and early 20 thcentury in the period of Russian classical literature,combined together with the comparative study of the philosophical thinking of another great representative writer-one of Chekhov' contemporaries-Leo Tolstoy to demonstrate the intrinsic relation between Russian literature and Russian idea,and discuss the transcendental understanding of the world of the Russian writers and their thinking on the Russians' life and the historical circumstances the Russian nation faced with,elucidating the inherent qualities of Russian literature: affinity to the people,ethicality,criticalness,and strong humanitarianism.

There are abundant studies on Chekhov's poetics and rhetoric art at present,however,the study of Chekhov' philosophical thought-the unique Russian thinking way reflected from his writings-has been neglected,even denied by the Russian academic circles.Hence,this book is essentially argumentative.From the perspective that Chekhov responds to the most influential current thoughts and time themes,the book aims to prove how Chekhov in his writings expresses the common quality,personality and methods of presentation of the Russian idea,and explains the contribution of his world view to the Russian idea,and the eternal value to human life.

The book is divided into seven sections.

The Preface part introduces the challenge to cultural security faced by many countries,as the transnational capitalism and its culture standards expand rapidly in the whole world.The development of Russian literature and Russian idea in the 19 thcentury is set as an example to seek the rule of cultural rising.

The first chapter sorts out the present researches on Chekhov's relation with the Russian idea and his creative philosophy.From his own time to 100 years after death,there is no final conclusion as to whether Chekhov is qualified to be a firstclass Russian thinker.Started from various standpoints,researchers explore every aspect of Chekhov's writing,and constitute a colorful and complicated picture that is full of opinions,comments and judgements.To study the motives of how thinkers and scholars from different times and groups accept Chekhov's legacy contributes not only to a more profound understanding of Chekhov's creating characteristics,but helps to review the main theme of each time.

The second chapter discusses Chekhov's origin relation with the most influential thought current—Tolstoyism.Without the study of Tolstoy,it is hardly possible to fully evaluate the innovative significance of Chekhov's realistic wiring in the late 19 thcentury and early 20 thcentury.Only in the parallel relation with Tolstoy,Chekhov's great peculiarity can be accurately evaluated.What Chekhov values most,is in what circumstances that man accepts the influence of Tolstoyism,and in which way the Tolstoyism expresses itself,why it charms so many people,and the actual experiences in real life.

The third chapter analyzes chekhov's relation with the cultural enlightenment of Russia.In the turn of 19 thcentury to 20 thcentury,Chekhov formed his own unique literature stand in the intersection of new humanistic knowledge and scientific knowledge.He pointed out the limitation of the popular theories,doctrines,beliefs,and strived to be a non-biased,disinterested observer and researcher.In chekhov's view,the way people to achieve good life is realized by their knowing of all the best cultural products accumulated by human being,therefore the unreasonable labor distribution system should be changed,and people should master the excellent culture.

The fourth chapter deals with Chekhov's attitude towards the Russians.Just like the Russian philosophy indicates,man is created to respond to the great career through sacred labor,and liberated from his sins.Chekhov focuses on those depressed common people who lack the willpower,and reveals their slavishness and their humiliated circumstances.Like the Russian thinkers,Chekhov sees in the Russian people the profound wisdom,boundless courage,fine sentiments,robust energy and passion for freedom,but he also sees that they often forget their conscience and lack the courage to change the reality.Hence,to achieve good life,to make life meaningful,Chekhov appeals to rationality,willpower and dignity.

The fifth chapter presents chekhov's understandings of man and world.Power and violence suppresses and constraint man's personality and dispels free activities in the name of law and civilization in the 19 thcentury Europe,it is based on this point that the Russian thinkers debate with the rationalism in law of the intellectual history of Western world.Chekhov criticizes the life without change,as if it is all set up,and become a rule that everybody conforms with and gets used to.But this stagnated everyday life covers up the vulgar nature of human life,and blocks people's eye for the overt crime.In light of this,Chekhov calls on people to have Anthropological transformation and become giants.

The conclusion part shows that Chekhov,not only has a complete system of world view and philosophy,but has all kinds of“thoughts”mixed in his writings.Though he all along proposes to pose the problems instead of solving them,this way of proposing is his active response to the important issues in the intellectual history of Russia.Through the perpetual question after the meaning of life,Chekhov paves a path for people from the narrow field to the extensive broadness.On the top of the horizon where Chekhov presents by his coldness and cruelty,the light of thought,like the morning glow,irradiates in the hearts of people,warming every life that is after truth.In the circumstances of universalcallousness,Chekhov beats the souls of people,and reminds them that in this world there are amount of obscure people who undertakes the heavy burden of life.The fate of every one is interrelated,the isolated freedom and happiness is built upon other's misery.On the basis justice and equality,compassion and live,Chekhov sends us all a reminder for the common fate of humanity,and it is in this sense that the legacy of Russian classic literature can function as a mirror for the present China and its aim of a harmonious development path of humanity in this modernized world.

Key Words:Russian Idea;Tolstoyism; Cultural Enlightenment; Philosophy of Man;Chekhov