四、市場經(jīng)濟發(fā)展存在雙重驅(qū)動力
IV. There Are Dual Drives for the Development of Market Economy

筆者認為，一個完整的市場體系，一定包括供給端和需求端兩個對立統(tǒng)一的基本方面。

供給端主要解決增量與結(jié)構(gòu)性問題、尋價與定價問題；需求端主要解決存量與規(guī)模問題、公平與競爭問題。

區(qū)域供給端的主要行為主體是區(qū)域政府；區(qū)域需求端的主要行為主體是企業(yè)和個人。

財政政策的功能作用主要體現(xiàn)在供給端；貨幣政策的功能作用主要體現(xiàn)在需求端。

我們可以先來分析一下企業(yè)競爭的目標函數(shù)、指標函數(shù)與企業(yè)資源配置效率。企業(yè)競爭的目標函數(shù)是價格決定機制；企業(yè)競爭的指標函數(shù)是企業(yè)競爭力決定機制。企業(yè)資源配置效率在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的四個階段的主要衡量指標是：要素驅(qū)動階段表現(xiàn)為勞動生產(chǎn)率；投資驅(qū)動階段表現(xiàn)為資本生產(chǎn)率；創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動階段表現(xiàn)為技術(shù)進步率；財富驅(qū)動階段表現(xiàn)為全要素生產(chǎn)率。企業(yè)競爭力決定機制可以通過企業(yè)資源規(guī)劃(enterprise resource planning,ERP)模型顯現(xiàn)出來。

我們再來分析區(qū)域政府競爭的目標函數(shù)、指標函數(shù)與區(qū)域資源配置效率。區(qū)域政府競爭的目標函數(shù)是財政收入決定機制；區(qū)域政府競爭的指標函數(shù)是區(qū)域競爭力決定機制。區(qū)域資源配置效率在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的四個階段的主要衡量指標是：產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟導(dǎo)向階段表現(xiàn)為產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力；城市經(jīng)濟導(dǎo)向階段表現(xiàn)為投資增長率；創(chuàng)新經(jīng)濟導(dǎo)向階段表現(xiàn)為科技進步貢獻率；共享經(jīng)濟導(dǎo)向階段表現(xiàn)為“三類九要素”作用力。區(qū)域競爭力決定機制可以通過區(qū)域資源配置(district resource planning, DRP)模型顯現(xiàn)出來。

區(qū)域競爭力決定機制的全流程可用圖0-3來表述。

我們由此可以引申研究區(qū)域人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和人均財政收入增長對區(qū)域經(jīng)濟增長的拉動作用和關(guān)系(目標函數(shù)角度)；也可以引申研究區(qū)域制度(政策)創(chuàng)新的變量在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展不同階段中對人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和人均財政收入增速的影響(指標函數(shù)角度)。

我們可以從以下四個步驟來完成DRP模型：

(1)財政支出盈余與“三類九要素”的決定機制；

(2)綜合測度和目標函數(shù)；

(3)在滿足預(yù)算約束的條件下，區(qū)域政府通過調(diào)整三種財政支出的比例，使此綜合測度最大化；

(4)設(shè)定區(qū)域政府績效評估體系。¹、²

筆者經(jīng)過認真研究，認為核心觀點是，市場經(jīng)濟發(fā)展存在雙重驅(qū)動力。在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的四個階段進程中，區(qū)域資源配置效率與企業(yè)資源配置效率存在四種“疊加”方式。即在一國宏觀經(jīng)濟、市場經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展進程中，中觀經(jīng)濟的區(qū)域政府行為與微觀經(jīng)濟的企業(yè)行為將產(chǎn)生四種組合：組合一，區(qū)域資源配置效率與企業(yè)資源配置效率的正正疊加；組合二，區(qū)域資源配置效率與企業(yè)資源配置效率的正負疊加；組合三，區(qū)域資源配置效率與企業(yè)資源配置效率的負正疊加；組合四，區(qū)域資源配置效率與企業(yè)資源配置效率的負負疊加，如圖0-4所示。

一國經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的目標應(yīng)該是區(qū)域資源配置效率與企業(yè)資源配置效率的正正疊加。也就是說，應(yīng)該由市場決定資源配置，更好地發(fā)揮區(qū)域政府與企業(yè)雙輪驅(qū)動的作用。

至此，筆者得出如下結(jié)論。

(1)區(qū)域政府是中觀經(jīng)濟市場主體。

(2)市場經(jīng)濟存在雙重主體發(fā)生作用。

(3)區(qū)域政府競爭與企業(yè)競爭具有聯(lián)系，更有本質(zhì)區(qū)別。

(4)有為政府需要進行科學(xué)的超前引領(lǐng)。

(5)一國經(jīng)濟增長需要宏觀、中觀、微觀經(jīng)濟活動保持協(xié)調(diào)性。

(6)世界各國經(jīng)濟增長需要新引擎。

The author believes that a complete market system must include two fundamental aspects:the supply side and the demand side.

The former is mainly involved in increment and structure issues, and price seeking and pricing issues, while the latter is mainly involved in inventory and scale issues, and fairness and competition issues.

Regional government is the main actor on the supply side of a region, while enterprises and individuals are the main actors on the demand side of a region.

Fiscal policy mainly functions on the supply side, while monetary policy mainly on the demand side.

Let′s first analyze objective function, indicator function, and enterprise resource allocation efficiency in terms of enterprise competition. The objective function and the indicator function of enterprise competition is the price determination mechanism and the enterprise competitiveness determination mechanism separately. The key indicators for measuring enterprise resource allocation efficiency in the four stages of economic development include labor productivity in the factor-driven stage, capital productivity in the investment-driven stage, technological progress rate in the innovation-driven stage, and total factor productivity in the wealth-driven stage. The enterprise competitiveness determination mechanism can be demonstrated by the enterprise resource planning (ERP) model.

Let′s move on to objective function, indicator function, and regional resource allocation efficiency in terms of regional government competition. The objective function and the indicator function of regional government competition is the fiscal revenue determination mechanism and the regional competitiveness determination mechanism respectively. The key indicators for measuring regional resource allocation efficiency in the four stages of economic development include industrial competitiveness in the stage of developing industrial economy, investment growth rate in the stage of developing urban economy, contribution rate of technological progress in the stage of developing innovative economy, and the effects of regional government in “9-in-3” Competition in the stage of developing shared economy. The regional competitiveness determination mechanism can be demonstrated by the district resource planning (DRP) model.

The entire process of the regional competitiveness determination mechanism is shown in Figure 0-3.

On this basis, we can study the driving effect of per capita GDP and per capita fiscal revenue growth on regional economic growth and their relationship from the perspective of the objective function, or the influence of variables in regional institutional (policy) innovation on the growth of per capita GDP and per capita fiscal revenue at different stages of economic development from the perspective of the indicator function.

We can complete the DRP model in the following four steps.

(1) The determination mechanism for fiscal surplus and “Nine Factors in Three Categories”.

(2) Comprehensive measure and objective function.

(3) In the case of limited budget, a regional government may maximize the comprehensive measure by adjusting the proportions of three types of fiscal expenditures.

(4) Establish a performance evaluation system for regional government.

After thorough studies, the author′s core viewpoint is that there are dual drives for the market economy to develop. In the four stages of economic development, there are four“combinations” of regional resource allocation efficiency and enterprise resource allocation efficiency. In other words, in the development process of a country′s macroeconomy and market economy, there will be four combinations of mezzoeconomic regional government behavior and microeconomic enterprise behavior. Combination 1: positive regional resource allocation efficiency plus positive enterprise resource allocation efficiency; combination 2:positive regional resource allocation efficiency plus negative enterprise resource allocation efficiency; combination 3: negative regional resource allocation efficiency plus positive enterprise resource allocation efficiency; combination 4: negative regional resource allocation efficiency plus negative enterprise resource allocation efficiency. See Figure 0-4 for details.

To achieve the goal of sustainable and high-quality economic development, a country should have positive regional resource allocation efficiency plus positive enterprise resource allocation efficiency. That is to say, the country should allow the market to determine resource allocation and better leverage the dual drives of regional government and enterprise.

Based on the foregoing, the following conclusions can be drawn:

(1) regional government is the market entity of mezzoeconomy;

(2) there are dual entities of market economy;

(3) regional government competition and enterprise competition are correlated on one hand and different in essence on the other hand;

(4) an effective government should achieve scientific foresighted leading;

(5) coordinated macro, mezzo and microeconomic activities are required by a country′s economic growth;

(6) the economic growth of countries around the world requires a new engine.

1 覃征鵬、郭東霓、朱朝貴等：《對標最優(yōu) 順德發(fā)布高質(zhì)量發(fā)展指標體系》《，佛山日報》2019年9月24日。

2 江琳：《用好考核指揮棒 樹立正確政績觀——解讀〈關(guān)于改進推動高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的政績考核的通知〉》,《人民日報》2021年1月19日。