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第一節 國際貨物銷售合同

國際貨物買賣是傳統和古老的國際貿易方式,其中“貨物”一般指有形的和可以移動的物,其范圍非常廣泛,只要相關國內法不禁止即可以作為買賣標的?!皣H性”可以有很多標志,如以當事人營業地為標準、以行為發生地為標準、以貨物跨越國境為標準或以當事人國際為標準等。當前國際貨物銷售領域一個重要的公約是1980年由聯合國國際貿易法委員會(UNCITRAL)制定的《聯合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》(United Nations Convention on Contracts of International Sales of Goods;CISG),該公約以當事人的營業地為標準,規定國際貨物買賣合同是指營業地分處于不同國家的當事人之間訂立的合同(Contract of International Sale of Goods means “contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States”)。

適用該《公約》需滿足以下三個條件:1.銷售貨物是為了商業的目的;2.合同當事人的營業地位于不同的國家;3.合同當事人營業地所在國家是公約的締約國。然而,即使滿足了以上三個條件,合同當事人也可能在合同中通過法律選擇條款(choice of law clause)排除(exclude/opt out)公約的適用,如:“this contract shall be governed by the laws of China applicable to domestic contracts of sale,and shall not be governed by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods,1980”,即,“本合同適用于中國國內買賣合同方面的法律,而不受聯合國國際貨物銷售合同公約(1980)的約束”。

本節將主要研究國際貨物銷售合同中的特殊條款,如商品描述條款、價格條款、裝運條款、單證條款、支付條款、保險條款、包裝條款、檢驗和索賠條款等。

一、貨物描述條款(Description of Goods)

貨物描述內容一般包括貨名、品質、數量、單價、價格術語,有時還包括合同號碼、貨物包裝要求等。價格術語常用的有CIF、CFR、FOB、FCA、CIP、CPT等,其中裝運港交貨的三個價格術語CIF、CFR、FOB最常用,例如:

范例一:

Description of Goods:4500 PCS of Stainless Steel Spade Head S821/29099,USD 12.3 per pc,according to Sales Contract No. B67DE23600 dd.November 12,2019 Rotterdam(Intercoms 2010)。

參考譯文:

貨物描述:4500件不銹鋼鏟頭,貨號為S821/29099,根據2019年11月12日簽訂B67DE23600號合同,每件12.3美元,CIF鹿特丹(2010通則)。

現在大多時候為了簡明的需要,買賣雙方直接用表格或者列表的方式描述商品,如:

范例二:

This contract is made by and between the Buyer and Seller,whereby the buyer agree to buy and the Seller agree to sell the undermentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below:

范例三:

This sales contract is made by and between the Seller and the Buyer,whereby the buyer agree to buy the undermentioned goods according to the terms and conditions stipulated below:/ 此銷售合同由賣方與買方訂立,買方同意根據以下條款購買以下商品:

二、價格條款(Clauses of Price)

除了上文介紹的《聯合國國際貨物銷售合同公約(CISG)》是國際商法的重要淵源之外,國際貿易慣例也是國際商法的重要淵源。國際貿易慣例是在長期的國際貿易實踐中形成的習慣做法,不具有普遍的法律約束力,通常由當事人在實踐中選擇適用,而且,一經選擇,即對當事人具有約束力。其主要作用是:一方面,可以補充現有法律規定的不足,明確合同條款具有的含義,更好地確定當事人的意圖和權利義務關系;另一方面,國際貿易慣例促進了國際貿易規則的統一,減少了當事人的分歧和爭議。

《國際貿易術語解釋通則》(International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms,INCOTERMS)是由國際商會(ICC)在1936年制定的,后于1953年、1967年、1976年、1980年、1990年、2000年、2010年作了七次修訂。該通則對工廠交貨(EXW)、離岸價(FOB)以及到岸價(CIF)等13種貿易術語作了詳細的解釋,具體地規定了買賣雙方在交貨方面的權利與義務。該通則在國際上已經得到廣泛的承認與采用,是國際貨物買賣的最重要的貿易慣例。

國際貿易術語屬于國際貿易慣例,表現為一組字母和簡短概念的組合,表達商品的價格,因此貿易術語又被稱為“價格術語”或“交貨條件”。國際貿易術語的主要功能在于劃分買賣合同雙方當事人之間的責任、風險、費用,并反映價格構成、交貨條件。在國際貨物買賣合同中,國際貿易術語構成了合同條款的重要組成部分。

國際貿易術語的分類有很多方法,INCOTERMS 2000按賣方承擔義務由小到大,用英文字母E、F、C、D排列,將貿易術語分成四組:

1.E組。該組只有一個貿易術語EXW,全稱為EX Works(named place),意思是工廠交貨(指定地點)。

2.F組。包括三個貿易術語:FAS,全稱Free Along-side Ship(named port of shipment),意思是船邊交貨(指定裝運港);FOB,全稱為Free on Board(named port of shipment),意思是船上交貨(指定裝運港);FCA,全稱為Free Carrier(named place),意思是貨交承運人(指定地點)。

3.C組。包括四個貿易術語:CFR,全稱為Cost and Freight(named port of distination),意思是成本加運費(指定目的港);CIF,全稱為Cost,Insurance and Freight(named port of destination),意思是成本、保險費加運費(指定目的港);CPT,全稱為Carriage Paid to(named place of destination),意思是運費付至(指定目的地);CIP,全稱為Carriage Insurance Paid to(named place of destination),意思是運費、保險費付至(指定目的地)。

4.D組。包括五個貿易術語:DAF,全稱為Delivered at Frontier(named place),意思是邊境交貨(指定地點);DES,全稱為Delivered Ex Ship(named port of destination),意思是目的港船上交貨(指定目的港);DEQ,全稱為Delivered Ex Quay(Duty Paid)(named port of destination),意思是目的港碼頭交貨(關稅已付)(指定目的港);DDU,全稱為Delivered Duty Unpaid(named place of destination),意思是未完稅交貨(指定目的地);DDP,全稱為Delivered Duty Paid(named place of destination),意思是完稅后交貨(指定目的地)。

INCOTERMS 2010在2000年版本上進行了修訂,按照適用的運輸方法不同,可分為以下兩組:

1.適用于任何運輸模式的貿易術語(Incoterms that apply to any mode of transport):

EXW:Ex Works 工廠交貨

FCA:Free Carrier 貨交承運人

CPT:Carriage Paid To 運費付至

CIP:Carriage and Insurance Paid To運費、保險費付至

DAT:Delivered at Terminal 運輸終端交貨

DAP:Delivered at Place 目的地交貨

DDP:Delivered Duty Paid完稅后交貨

2.僅適用于海運和水路運輸的貿易術語(Incoterms that apply to sea and inland waterway transport only):

FAS:Free Along-side Ship船邊交貨

FOB:Free on Board船上交貨

CFR:Cost and Freight 成本加運費

CIF:Cost,Insurance and Freight 成本、保險費加運費

貿易術語的使用,大大簡化了當事人的貿易談判、合同訂立的過程,同時明確了買賣雙方相關的權利義務。應該注意的是,國際貿易術語屬于國際貿易慣例,具有選擇性、非強制約束的特點,如當事人可以在合同中約定適用《國際貿易術語解釋通則》2000年版,或者約定《國際貿易術語解釋通則》2010年版,也可以約定合同不適用《國際貿易術語解釋通則》,這都不影響合同的生效與履行。

與普通法系國家進行國際貿易時,尤其需要注意的是,在普通法國家,如英國,在國際貿易術語方面存在其自己的判例法,在國際貿易合同當事人沒有明確適用哪一規則時,法院往往適用其判例法,從而可能與當事人的真實意圖相違背。例如,如不特別注明,香港法院即適用香港有關貿易術語的判例法。

最新的貿易術語的具體解釋和舉例如下:

1.EXW(“Ex Works”)EXM(工廠交貨)

The seller makes the goods available to be collected at their premises and the buyer is responsible for all other risks,transportation costs,taxes and duties from that point onwards.

賣家在其所在地把貨物交付給買家,買家承擔從收到貨物之后的所有的風險,交通費以及稅費。

Example:

Goods are being picked up by the buyer from the seller’s premises in Birmingham. The term used in the contract is “EXW Birmingham”.

例:

貨物需要買家在賣家所在地伯明翰提貨。這個術語在合同中是“伯明翰工廠交貨”。

如下圖所示:

2.FCA(“Free Carrier”)FCA(貨交承運人)

The seller gives the goods,cleared for export,to the buyer’s carrier at a specified place. The buyer is then responsible for getting transported to the specified place of final delivery. This term is commonly used for containers travelling by more than one mode of transport.

賣方辦理了清關手續后把貨物在一個特定的地點交給買方。然后買方負責把貨物運送到最終的目的地。這個術語在需要多種交通方式的集裝箱貨運中經常用到。

如下圖所示:

3.CPT(“Carriage Paid To”)CPT(運費付至)

The seller pays to transport the goods to the specified destination. Responsibility for the goods transfers to the buyer when the seller passes them to the first carrier.

賣家負責把貨物運至指定地點。責任在貨物經過第一承運人之后轉移到買家手中。

如下圖所示:

4.CIP(“Carriage and Insurance Paid”)(運費、保險費付至)

The seller pays for insurance as well as transport to the specified destination. Responsibility for the goods transfers to the buyer when the seller passes them to the first carrier.

CIP(“Carriage and Insurance Paid”)is commonly used for goods being transported by container by more than one mode of transport. If transported only by sea,CIF is often used.

賣方支付貨物保險和交通費用到指定地點。對貨物的責任在賣家把貨物轉給第一個承運人之后轉移到買家手中。

運費保險費付至一般用在被多種交通方式承運的集裝箱運輸中。如果僅有海運,一般使用到岸價。

如下圖所示:

5.DAT(“Delivered at Terminal”)(目的地港交貨)

The seller pays for transport to a specified terminal at the agreed destination. The buyer is responsible for the cost of importing the goods. The buyer takes responsibility once the goods are unloaded at the terminal.

賣家支付費用把貨物運送到指定地點的特定港口。買家負責支付進口貨物的費用。賣家從貨物在港口卸貨之后承擔責任。

如下圖所示:

6.DAP(“Delivered at Place”)(目的地交貨)

The seller pays for transport to the specified destination,but the buyer pays the cost of importing the goods. The seller takes responsibility for the goods until they’re ready to be unloaded by the buyer.

賣家支付運費把貨物運輸到指定地點,但是買家需要支付進口費用。賣家對貨物負責一直到貨物被買家卸貨完畢。

如下圖所示:

7.DDP(“Delivered Duty Paid”)(完稅后交貨、稅后交貨)

The seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named destination in the buyer’s country,including all costs involved.

賣家負責把貨物運送到買家所在國的指定地點,并且支付所有相關費用。

如下圖所示:

8.FAS(“Free Alongside Ship”)(船邊交貨)

The seller puts the goods alongside the ship at the specified port they’re going to be shipped from. The seller must get the goods ready for export,but the buyer is responsible for the cost and risk involved in loading them.

This term is commonly used for heavy-lift or bulk cargo(e.g. generators,boats),but not for goods transported in containers by more than one mode of transport(FCA is usually used for this).

賣家把貨物運送到指定的發貨港口的船邊。賣家必須確保貨物可以發貨,但裝貨的風險和費用由買家承擔。

這個術語在重物或者大件貨物(比如發動機,船只)的運輸中比較常用,但是不適用于多種交通方式運送的集裝箱運輸(貨交承運人適用于這種情況)。

如下圖所示:

9.FOB(“Free on Board”)(船上交貨價)

The seller must get the goods ready for export and load them onto the specified ship. The buyer and seller share the costs and risks when the goods are on board. This term is not used for goods transported in containers by more than one mode of transport(FCA is usually used for this).

賣家必須確保貨物可以出口并且將貨物裝載到指定的貨船上。買家和賣家分擔貨物在貨船上的相關成本和費用。這個術語不適用于多種交通方式的集裝箱運輸(貨交承運人適用于這種情況)。

如下圖所示:

10.CFR(“Cost and Freight”)(成本加運費)

The seller must pay the costs of bringing the goods to the specified port. The buyer is responsible for risks when the goods are loaded onto the ship.

賣家負責把貨物運送至指定港口的費用。買家從貨物裝載到貨船上開始承擔風險。

如下圖所示:

11.CIF(“Cost,Insurance and Freight”)(成本、保險費加運費)

The seller must pay the costs of bringing the goods to the specified port. They also pay for insurance. The buyer is responsible for risks when the goods are loaded onto the ship.

賣家負責把貨物運送至指定港口的費用。賣家也要支付相關的保險費用。買家從貨物裝載到貨船上開始承擔風險。

如下圖所示:

(注:以上解釋和圖示來自alpha法律檢索系統)

了解了以上貿易術語,就很容易理解國際貿易中的價格條款,如:

范例一:

All prices stated are Ex-Works(Incoterms 2010)the Company’s offices in Zhuhai China.

參考譯文:

所有的價格均為中國珠海公司辦公地工廠價(Incoterms 2010)。

范例二:The terms FOB,CFR,or CIF shall be subject to the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms(Incoterms 2010)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unless otherwise stipulated herein.

參考譯文:

除非另有規定,FOB、CFR、CIF均應按照國際商會制定的《2010年國際貿易術語解釋通則》解釋。

范例三:

The unit price sated in the contract is CIF New York.

參考譯文:

合同中的單價為紐約到岸價。

三、裝運條款(Clauses on Shipment)

裝運條款通常包括裝運期、是否允許分批和轉運以及起訖地點的規定,以及裝運中涉及的單證問題。

常見的裝運期條款如下:

范例一:

Shipment must be effected not later than March,12,2020.

參考譯文:

貨物不得遲于2020年3月12日裝運。

范例二:

From China Port to Singapore not later than May 10,2019.

參考譯文:

自中國口岸裝運貨物駛往新加坡不得遲于2019年5月10日。

范例三:

Latest date of shipment:March 23,2020.

參考譯文:

最遲裝運日期:2020年3月23日。

分批裝運、轉運的常見條款如下:

范例四:

With/without partial shipment/transshipment.

參考譯文:

允許(不允許)分運/轉運。

范例五:

Transhipment is allowed provided “through” Bills of Lading are presented.

參考譯文:

如提交聯運提單允許轉運。

范例六:

Transhipment Prohibited(not allowed/per permitted)

參考譯文:

不允許分運/轉船

范例七:

Transshipment is authorized in Macao.

參考譯文:

允許在澳門轉運。

范例八:

Partial shipments allowed,but partial shipments of each item not allowed

參考譯文:

允許分運,單個品種的貨物不得分運

范例九:

Shipment from China to New York by steamer in transit Singapore not later than 15th August,2018 of the goods specified below.

參考譯文:

承載以下貨物的輪船不得遲于2018年8月15日從中國中轉新加坡轉運到紐約。

范例十:

The Goods shall be shipped within ________ days after receipt of L/C allowing transshipment and partial shipment.

參考譯文:

收到可轉船及分批裝運之信用證后________天內裝運。

范例十一:

The Sellers shall ship the goods within the time as stipulated in Clause(9)of this Contract by a direct vessel sailing from the port of loading to China Port. Transhipment enroute is not allowed without the Buyers’ consent. The goods shall not be carried by vessels flying of the countries not acceptable to the Buyers.(For CRF terms)

參考譯文:

賣方應在本合同第(9)條規定之時間內,將貨物由裝船口岸直接船運到中國口岸,在未經征得買方同意前,中途不得轉船。貨物不得用懸掛買方不能接受國家的旗幟的船只裝運。

范例十二:

The shipping space for the contracted goods shall be booked by the Buyers or the Buyers’shipping agent,China National Chartering Corporation.The Sellers shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyers on any date notified by the Buyers,within the time of shipment stipulated in the Clause(9)of this Contract.

參考譯文:

裝運本合同貨物的船只,由買方或買方運輸代理人在中國租船公司租定艙位。賣方應負責將所訂貨物在本合同第(9)條規定的裝船期限內按買方所通知的任何日期裝上買方指定的船只。

范例十三:

Ten to fifteen days prior to the date of shipment,the Buyers shall inform the Sellers by cable of the contract number,name of vessel,ETA of vessel,quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent,so as to enable the latter to contact the shipping agent directly and arrange the shipment of the goods. The Sellers shall cable in time the Buyers of the result thereof. Should,for certain reasons,it become necessary for the Buyers to replace the named vessel with another one,or should the named vessel arrive at the port of shipment earlier or later than the date of arrival as previously notified to the Sellers,the Buyers or their shipping agent shall advise the Sellers to this effect in due time. The Sellers shall also keep close contact with the agent of XXX.

參考譯文:

貨物裝運前10—15日,買方應電告賣方合同號、船只名稱、船只預計到港日期((Estimated Time of Arrival)、裝運數量及船運代理人的名稱,以便賣方可與該船運代理人聯系及安排貨物的裝運。賣方應將聯系結果及時報告買方,如買方因故需要變更船只或有關船只提前或推遲到達情況發生,買方或船運代理人應及時通知賣方。賣方亦應與XXX代理保持密切聯系。

◆ 知識點梳理

與運輸有關的表達方式有:

四、單證條款(Clauses on Documents)

國際貿易單證(Documents)是合同履行的必要手段,是對外貿易經營管理的重要工具,并為保障買賣雙方的權益提供重要支撐。

信用證項下要求提交的單據通常有商業發票(Commercial Invoice)、提單(Bill of Lading)、保險單或保險憑證(Insurance Policy/Certificate)、匯票(Draft或Bill of Exchange)、原產地證(Certificate of Origin)、檢驗證書(Inspection Certificate)、受益人證明書(Beneficiary’s Certificate)、裝箱單(Packing List)等。

常見條款如下:

范例一:

Documents required

參考譯文:

需要下列單據

范例二:

Documents marked XX below

參考譯文:

(需提交)下列標注XX的單據

范例三:

Drafts must be accompanied by the following documents marked XX

參考譯文:

匯票需隨附下列注有XX標志的單據

范例四:

參考譯文:

… available against surrender of the following documents bearing out credit number and the full name and address of the opener

參考譯文:

(議付時)以提交下列注明本信用證編號及開證人詳細姓名、地址的各項單據為有效

注:此句中,surrender的意思是指“提交”。

范例五:

Accompanied by the following documents marked XX in duplicate

參考譯文:

須隨附下列注有XX標志的單據,一式兩份

注:信用證一般都具體說明提供單據的份數,常見的詞組有:

In(duplicate,triplicate,quadruplicate,quintuplicate,sextuplicate,septuplicate,octuplicate,nonuplicate,decuplicate)

一式兩份(三、四、五、六、七、八、九、十份)

范例六:

Shipping Documents:

The Sellers shall present the following documents to the paying bank for negotiation of payment:

(a)Full set of clean on board,“freight prepaid” for CFR Terms or “freight to collect” for FOB Terms,ocean Bills of Lading,made out to order and blank endorsed,notifying the Branch of China National Foreign Trade Transportation Corporation at the port of destination;

(b)Five copies of signed invoice,indicating contract number and shipping marks;

(c)Two copies of packing list and/or weightlist with indication of measurement;

(d)One copy each of the certificates of quality and quantity or weight,as stipulated in the Clause 5 of the Terms of Delivery;

(e)One duplicate copy of the cable advice of shipment,as stipulated in the Chause 2 of the Terms of Delivery.

參考譯文:

裝船單據:

賣方憑下列單據向付款銀行議付貨款:

(a)填寫通知目的口岸中國對外貿易運輸公司分公司的空白抬頭、空白背書的全套已裝船清潔海運提單(如系成本加運費(CFR)條款則注明“運費已付”,如系離岸價(FOB)條款則注明 “運費到付”;

(b)已簽署的發票5份,注明合同號及裝船嘜頭;

(c)注明尺碼的裝箱單/或重量單2份;

(d)本交貨條款第5條規定的品質檢驗證明書及數量或重量證明書各1份;

(e)本交貨條款第2條規定的裝船港通知電報副本1份。

范例七:

The Sellers shall despatch one copy each of the duplicates of Bill of Lading,Invoice and Packing List to the Buyers’ receiving agent,the Branch of China National Foreign Trade Transportation Corporation at the port of destination.

參考譯文:

賣方需將提單、發票及裝箱單副本各1份隨船帶交目的口岸買方收貨代理人中國對外貿易運輸公司分公司。

范例八:

Immediately after the departure of the carrying vessel,the Sellers shall airmail one set of the duplicate documents to the Buyers and two sets to the Branch of China National Foreign Trade Transportation Corporation at the port of destination.

參考譯文:

船啟航后,賣方立即將1份全套單據副本航空郵寄買方,另2份航空郵寄目的口岸的中國對外貿易運輸公司分公司。

范例九:

The Sellers shall present the following documents to the paying bank for negotiation/collection,or to the Buyers in case of payment by M/T.

1.Full set of Negotiable Clean on Board Ocean Bills of Lading marked “FREIGHT TO COLLECT”and made out to order,blank endorsed,and notifying the China National Foreign Trade Transportation Corporation and the port of destination;

2.Parcel post receipt,indicating postage/Air Way Bill;

3.Insurance Policy or Certificate,covering War risk and all risks including TPND,Breakage and Leakage irrespective of percentage and indicating “In the event of loss or damage request for survey upon arrival of the cargo at the port of destination to be made to the China Commodity Inspection Bureau of that port”;

4.Invoice in quintuplicate,indicating contract number and shipping mark;

5.Packing List in duplicate with indication of both gross and net weights,measurements and quantity of each item packed;

6.Certificate of Quality and Quantity/Weight and Testing Report,each in duplicate issued by the manufacturers;

7.A true copy of cable to advise the Buyers of shipment immediately the goods are loaded on ship.

參考譯文:

賣方應將下列單據提交付款銀行議付貨款/托收付款,如為信匯付款,下列單據應徑寄買方:

1.全套可議付的清潔已裝運海運提單,空白抬頭,空白背書,注明“運費到付”,并通知到貨口岸中國對外貿易運輸公司;

2.郵包收據注明郵費/空運提單;

3.保險單或保險證明書注明投保戰爭險和一切險,包括提貨不著險、破碎險、滲漏險,無免賠額,并注明“貨物到達后如發現殘損情況,須向到貨口岸之中國商品檢驗局申請檢驗”;

4.發票五份,注明合同號、嘜頭;

5.裝箱單兩份,注明毛、凈重和所裝貨物的品名重量;

6.由制造廠簽發的質量和重量證明書及檢驗報告各兩份;

7.貨物裝船后發給買方的裝船通知復印件。

◆ 知識點梳理

單證條款中經常涉及的術語:

國際貨物買賣合同中常見的單證有:

五、支付條款(Clauses of Payment)

國際貨物買賣中常見的支付方法有:匯付(Remittance)、銀行托收(Collection)、信用證(letter of credit,L/C)。

(一)匯付(Remittance)

匯付又稱買方直接付款(Direct payment by Buyer),指由買方主動地把貨款付給賣方的一種付款方式。匯付主要有以下三種:

1.信匯(mail transfer,M/T):指匯出行應匯款人的要求,將支付授權書通過郵寄方式寄給匯入行,由匯入行指定收款人解付一定金額的匯付方式。

2.電匯(telegraphic transfer,T/T):由匯款人委托匯出行用電報、電傳等電訊手段發出匯款委托通知書給收款人所在地的匯入行,委托他將款項解付給指定的收款人。

3.票匯(remittance by banker’s demand draft,D/D):是指應匯款人要求,匯出行開立以其國外代理行或聯行為付款人的即期匯票,由匯款人將匯票寄交收款人,收款人憑此匯票向付款人(匯入行)收款。

(二)托收(Collection)

托收是賣方向買方開立匯票(此處的匯票為指己匯票),委托銀行向買方收取貨款的一種結算方式。賣方為出票人及受款人,買方為受票人。

托收的程序如下:

1.委托人出具匯票,向托收行提出托收申請,填具托收指示書,附具或不附具裝運單據。

2.托收行接受申請后,委托債務人所在地的代理人傳達托收指示,并寄交有關單據。

3.代收行按托收指示,向債務人提示有關單據,在付款人付款后通知托收行,托收行即向委托人付款。

如圖所示:

托收又分為光票托收與跟單托收。

1.光票托收(Clean Collection):指賣方僅開具匯票委托銀行向買方收取款項,而不附任何裝運單據,通常只用于收取貨款尾數、傭金、樣品機等項費用(Clean collection means collection of financial document not accompanied by commercial documents)。

2.跟單托收(Documentary Collection):指賣方在開具匯票時,還要將有關裝運單據交給委托銀行,委托銀行向買方收取貨款(Documentary Collection means collection of financial document accompanied by commercial documents)。

跟單托收又進一步可分為付款交單與承兌交單。

(1)付款交單(Document against Payment,D/P),指代收行在受票人支付了全部貨款以后才將有關裝運單據交付給受票人的一種托收方式(The documents shall be delivered to the buyer on actual payment of the bill).

由此可見,付款交單對于賣方而言是非常安全的交易方式。

(2)承兌交單(Document against Acceptance,D/A),指代收行在受票人承兌了有關匯票以后就將有關單據交付給受票人的一種托收方式(The documents shall be delivered to the buyer on acceptance of the bill),即,交單在先,付款在后。而這里的匯票肯定是遠期匯票,如以6個月為期。待匯票到期,代收行向進口商提示付款。

注:D/P與D/A相比,D/P風險小,因為D/A雖表示承兌,但卻存在不付款的風險。D/A也可以理解為賣方給予買方的資金融通。

(三)信用證(letter of credit,L/C)

信用證是銀行根據進口商(買方)的請求,開給出口方(賣方)的一種保證承擔支付貨款責任的書面憑證(“Credit means any arrangement,however named or described,that is irrevocable and thereby constitutes a definite undertaking of the issuing bank to honour(香港表示付款,大陸表示兌付)a complying presentation.”(UCP600 第二條),即:“信用證是指一項不可撤銷的安排,無論其名稱或描述如何,該項安排構成開證行對相符交單予以承付的確定承諾”(定義來源:跟單信用證統一慣例Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits第二條)。

注:國際商會于1930年制定了《商業跟單信用證統一慣例》,供各銀行和銀行公會自由采用。1993年修改的第500號出版。2007年7月1日,第600號出版,即UCP600。

作為國際商法的重要淵源之一,國際商會所制定的UCP適用于幾乎所有的國際信用證交易(International Chamber of Commerce’s Uniform Customs and Practices for Documentary Credits(UCP)governs virtually all international letters of credit transaction)。

信用證交易的當事人有:

1.開證申請人(Applicant/Account party):the buyer

2.受益人(Beneficiary):the seller

3.開證行(Issuing Bank):the buyer’s bank

4.通知行(Advising Bank):受開證行委托,將信用證通知受益人的銀行(bank in the beneficiary’s country delivers the credit to the beneficiary)

5.議付行(Negotiating Bank):means the purchase by the nominated bank of drafts(drawn on a bank other than the nominated bank)and for documents under a complying presentation,by advancing or agreeing to advance funds to the beneficiary on or before the banking day on which reimbursement is due to(to be paid the nominated bank)。

此處需要注意的是,議付強調的是對匯票和單據的買入行為。

信用證下所需單據(Documents commonly requires by a letter of credit)如下:

Certificate of origin 原產地證書

Export license 出口許可證

Health inspection certificate安全檢驗證明

Commercial Invoice 商業發票

6.付款行(Paying Bank):是開證行指定擔任信用證項下付款或充當匯票付款人的銀行。

7.保兌行(Confirming Bank):Bank that independently promises to pay,accept,or negotiate a credit,as appropriate,when the documents specified in the credit are presented to it.

信用證交易流程如下圖所示:

信用證的種類有:

◇可撤銷信用證(Revocable L/C)VS.不可撤銷信用證(Irrevocable L/C)

不可撤銷信用證:指一經開出,在有效期內,未經受益人及有關當事人的同意,開證行不得片面撤銷或修改的信用證。

Irrevocable:can not be altered without the beneficiary’s express consent.

可撤銷信用證:是指開證行可以不經過受益人同意,也不必事先通知受益人,在議付行議付貨款之前,有權隨時修改信用證的內容或撤銷信用證。

◇保兌信用證(Confirmed L/C)VS.不保兌信用證(Unconfirmed L/C)

保兌的信用證是指開證行開出的信用證又經另一家銀行保證兌付的信用證。

Confirmed:A second bank adds its endorsement to the credit.

不保兌信用證:未經保兌的信用證。

◇可轉讓信用證(Transferable L/C)VS.不可轉讓信用證(Untransferable L/C)

可轉讓信用證(Transferable L/C):是指受益人(第一受益人)可以要求通知行或付款行將信用證全部或部分轉讓給另一個或數個受益人(第二受益人)使用的信用證(It permits a beneficiary to transfer the credit to a second beneficiary;Transferable credit means a credit that specifically states it is “transferable”)。

了解了以上有關國際貨物買賣的幾種付款方式后,我們再學習以下常見的有關匯票和付款條款的寫作范例就容易多了:

范例一:

Drawn under contract No.VK-4653-68。

參考譯文:

第VK-4653-68號合同項下開立。

范例二:

Being amount of 1000 cartons Apple under Contract No.667NM65。

參考譯文:

系第No.667NM65號合同項下1000箱蘋果之金額。

范例三:

Covering 600 cartons of garments shipped from Zhuhai to Hong Kong under Contract No.90GD003。

參考譯文:

清償第No.90GD003合同項下自珠海至香港的服裝600箱。

范例四:

We hereby issue our irrevocable documentary letter of credit No.XXX available,at 60 days after B/L date by draft。

參考譯文:

茲開立不可撤銷跟單信用證(號碼:XXX),提單簽發后60天匯票支付。

范例五:

Draft at 90 days sight. We are authorized to pay interest at the rate of 9% p.a. for full invoice value at maturity. Invoice and draft must show the amount of interest.

參考譯文:

該條款是90天遠期匯票,見票后起算。開證行被授權按年息9厘計息到付款。發票與匯票上必須顯示利息金額。此條款表明貨款金額連同利息都可在見票90天后在信用證項下支付。

范例六:

Drafts at 180 days sight drawn on Saitama Bank Ltd.,Tokyo Office. Usance drafts drawn under this L/C are to be negotiated at sight basis. Discount charges and acceptance commission are for account of accountee。

參考譯文:

該條款由日本銀行開來,匯票開立遠期見票180天付款,但可即期議付,其貼現費和承兌費均由開證人負擔。對受益人來說是即期信用證,通常稱為假遠期信用證。

范例七:

Invoice and drafts to be drawn on full CIF value but the beneficiary is to be paid 5% less as commission payable to openers and this should be incorporated on bank schedule.

參考譯文:

該條款發票和匯票都開列貨款全額,但議付行付給出口人貨款時,必須扣除5%傭金;同時,他向開證行索匯,也只收取95%貨款,5%傭金在議付行寄送單據給開證行的表格上批明即可。

范例八:

Payment is to be made by irrevocable letter of credit payable against sight draft accompanied by a full set of shipping documents.

參考譯文:

付款方式是以不可撤銷的信用證下的即期匯票支付,隨附全套裝船單據。

范例九:

Date on which the documentary credit must be notified to seller:________ days before date of delivery。

參考譯文:

必須向賣方通知跟單信用證的日期:交貨日前________天。

范例十:

Terms of payment

1.Payment by L/C:One month before shipment,the Buyers shall establish with Bank of China,Guangzhou an Irrevocable L/C in favor of the Sellers,to be available against presentation in Guangzhou of the shipment documents stipulated in Clause 12 hereof.

2.Payment by Collection:After delivery is made,the Sellers shall send through the Sellers,bank draft drawn on the Buyers together with the shipment documents specified in Clause 12 hereof,to the Buyers through the Buyers bank,the Bank of China,Guangzhou,for collection.

3.Payment by M/T:Payments to be effected by the Buyers not later than ________ days after receipt of the shipment documents specified in Clause 12 hereof.

參考譯文:

付款條件:

1.信用證付款:貨物裝運前一個月,乙方應由廣州中國銀行開立以賣方為受益人的不可撤銷的信用證,憑本合同第12條規定的裝運單據交到廣州(銀行)后付款。

2.托收付款:貨物裝運后,賣方應將以買方為付款人的匯票連同本合同第12條所列各種裝運單據,通過賣方銀行寄交買方銀行即廣州中國銀行轉交買方,并托收貨款。

3.信匯付款:買方收到本合同第12條所列裝運單據后,應于________天內信匯寄款。

◆ 知識點梳理

與付款有關的術語如下:

續表

六、保險條款(Clauses of Insurance)

一般來說,保險條款所涉及的內容有保險金額(insured amount)、投保險別(coverage/types)、保險費(premium)、保險憑證(insurance certificate)等。因為保險條款與價格條款有著必然的聯系,所以采用不同的價格條款,投保人不同,保險條款的訂立方法亦不相同。

1.在以EXW、FAS、FOB、FCA、CFR、CPT貿易術語簽訂合同時,保險條款可作如下規定:“保險由買方辦理?!保╥nsurance is to be covered by the buyer.)

2.在以DEQ、DES、DDU、DDP貿易術語簽訂合同時,保險條款可作如下規定:“保險由賣方辦理。”(insurance is to be covered by the seller.)

3.在以CIF或CIP貿易術語簽訂合同時,保險條款須明確規定投保人、投保險別以及確定保險金額的方法和保險適用條款,并注明該條款的生效時間。

保險金額(amount insured)是指保險公司可能賠償的最高金額,習慣上按發票金額加10%預期利潤和業務費用。也可根據國外客戶要求提高加成數。

保險金額的加成、保險險別的選擇和適用的保險條款,都需在合同中作相應規定。在CIF、CIP合同中,保險條款可作如下規定:“由賣方按發票金額的110%投保一切險和戰爭險,按1981年1月1日中國人民保險公司海洋運輸貨物保險條款投?!保↖nsurance is to be covered by the Sellers for 110% of the invoice value against All Risks and War Risks as per Ocean Marine Cargo Insurance Clauses of the People’s Insurance Company of China dated Jan.1,1981)。

在國際貨物買賣中,按照承保范圍的從低到高,三個主險分別是:平安險(free from particular average,F.P.A.)、水漬險(with particular average,W. P. A.)、一切險(All Risks,A.R.)。要區分三個險種,我們需要先了解avarage的含義。

在海上運輸保險的語境中,avarage的含義是海損,其又分為單獨海損(Particular average)和共同海損(General average),分別是指:

◇Particular average(單獨海損):a loss that is borne solely by the owner of the lost property(ship or cargo)(指貨物非人為的意外而發生的損失,并且只涉及船舶或貨物的一方利益,與他方利益無關);For example:partial damage of cargo by sea water is a particular average(因海水導致的貨物部分受損為單獨海損);

◇General average(共同海損):a sacrifice made for the common safety of both the cargo and the ship(指在同一海上航程中,船舶、貨物和其他財產遭遇共同危險,為了共同安全,有意地、合理地采取措施所直接造成的特殊犧牲、支付的特殊費用,共同海損的理念是:為大家犧牲的財產,應由大家來補償)。

平安險的英文是free from particular average,字面意思是“單獨海損不賠”,其實質含義指平安險只承擔意外事故和自然災害引起的貨物全損和特定意外事故引起的貨物部分損失,不承擔單純自然災害引起的貨物的部分損失。

水漬險的英文是with particular average,字面意思是“單獨海損可賠”,水漬險的賠償范圍,只是在平安險的承保范圍的基礎上增加了單純自然災害引起的單獨海損。

一切險包括水漬險的范圍,并增加承保由于一般外來原因造成的貨物全部損失和部分損失,是三個主險中承保范圍最大的一個險種。

◆ 知識點梳理

除了三個主險之外,還有附加險,如下表所示:

了解了以上知識后,我們看一下以下典型的保險條款:

范例一:

Marine insurance policies or certificates in negotiable form,for 110% full CIF invoice covering the risks of war & W.A. as per the People’s Insurance Co. of China dated January 1st,1976,with extended cover up to Kuala Lumpur with claims payable in(at)Kuala Lumpur in the currency of draft(irrespective of percentage)

參考譯文:

作為可議付格式的海運保險單或憑證按照到岸價的發票金額110%投保中國人民保險公司1976年1月1日的戰爭險和基本險,負責到吉隆坡為止。按照匯票所使用的貨幣在吉隆坡賠付(無免賠率)。

范例二:

Insurance policy or certificate covering w.a.(or f.p.a.)and war risks as per ocean marine cargo clause and ocean marine cargo war risk clauses of the People’s Insurance Company of China dated 1/1/1981。

參考譯文:

保險單或憑證根據中國人民保險公司1981年1月1日的海洋運輸貨物保險條款和海洋運輸貨物戰爭險條款投保水漬險(或平安險)和戰爭險。

范例三:

For each shipment,Seller shall arrange marine insurance in favor of Buyer,covering the Concentrate Oil from the port of loading until discharged at the discharge port,for 110% of the value finally established in accordance with this Agreement,on the following conditions:

——institute All Risks;

——institute Strikes Risks(Cargo);

——institute War Risks(Cargo).

參考譯文:

對于每批貨物,賣方應投保以買方為受益人的海運險,按照該協議中精油價值的110%,從起運港直到在目的港卸貨整個過程中投保以下險種:

——一切險;

——罷工險;

——戰爭險。

范例四:

This insurance must be valid for a period of 60 days after arrival of merchandise at inland destination.

參考譯文:

本保險擴展到貨物到達內地的目的地后60天有效。

范例五:

Including w.a. & risk of fire for 60 days in customs warehouse after discharge of the goods at port of destination subject to China insurance clause.

參考譯文:

按照中國保險條款投保水漬險和火險,在目的港卸貨后存入海關倉庫60天為止。

◆ 知識點梳理

與保險條款相關的專業術語表達如下:

七、包裝條款(Packing Clause)

包裝條款(packing clause)是用來規定貨物包裝方式、包裝材料、包裝費用負擔和運輸標志等方面內容的條款。包裝條款一般包括包裝的種類和性質、包裝材料、包裝尺寸、包裝費用和運輸標志等內容。

范例一:

To be packed in new strong wooden case(s)/carton(s)suitable for long distance ocean transportation and well protected against damps,moisture,shock,rust and rough handling. The Seller shall be liable for any damage to the goods on account of improper packing and for any rust damage attributable to inadequate or improper protective measures taken by the Seller,and in such case or cases any and all losses and/or expenses incurred in consequence thereof shall be borne by the Seller.

參考譯文:

需用堅固的新木箱或紙箱包裝,適合長途海運,防濕、防潮、防震及粗暴搬運。由于包裝不良所發生的損失,由于采用不充分或不妥善的防護措施而造成的任何損壞,賣方應負擔由此而產生的一切費用和/或損失。

范例二:

Goods must be packed with sturdy wooden boxes or cartons that are suitable for long-distance shipping / mailing / air transportation and adaptable to climate change,and have good moisture and earthquake resistance. In case any damage or loss are caused due to poor packaging or improper protective measures,the seller shall compensate all the losses resulted therefrom.

The packing box shall be accompanied with maintenance manual and operation instructions.

參考譯文:

貨物須采用堅固的木箱或紙箱包裝,以宜于長途海運/郵寄/空運及適應氣候的變化,并具備良好的防潮抗震能力。由于包裝不良引起的貨物損傷或由于防護措施不善而引起的貨物損失,賣方應賠償由此而造成的全部損失費用。

包裝箱內應附有完整的維修保養、操作使用說明書。

范例三:

Shipping mark:The seller shall mark the box number,gross weight,net weight,size,contract number,port of destination,consignee number with non-fading paint on each container,and write “moisture-proof”,“handle with care”,“this face up” etc. words.

參考譯文:

裝運標記:賣方應在每個貨箱上用不褪色油漆標明箱號、毛重、凈重、尺寸、合同號、目的港、收貨人編號,并書以“防潮”、“小心輕放”、“此面向上”等字樣。

對于一些對包裝要求不高的貨物,裝運條款就比較簡單,如下例:

范例四:

Packing:1PC/POLYBAG,45 PCS/Carton

     Shipping Mark:A.B.C.

            08SUG0001

            OSLO

            C/NO.:1-UP

參考譯文:

包裝:1件/塑料袋,45袋/箱

   裝運標記:A.B.C.

        08SUG0001

        奧斯陸

        編號:1-UP

◆ 附包裝中常見英文表述:

(1)識別標志:

箱(包)號:Case#

重量(毛):Weight(Gross)

重量(凈):Weight(Net)

重量(法定):Weight(Legal)

體積標志:Measurement Mark

表示為:Long×Wide×High 或L×W×H

批號:Lon No.或batch No.

尺寸cm:Dimensions in cm

數量:Quantity或q’ty

顏色:Colour

規格:Specification或spec

原產國標志:Country Of Origin

收貨人:Consignee

發貨人:Consignor

發運人:Shipper

由……到……:From……To……

經由:Via

港:Port

站:Station

目的地:Destination

空皮退到:When Empty,Return To

貨號:Article No.

小心輕放——FRAGILE

向上——THIS END UP

(2)裝箱標志(操作位置)

由此起吊(此處懸索或掛繩位置):Sling Here;Lift Here;Heave Here

由此吊起(起吊點):Haul

從此提起(起錨位置):Heaver Here

掛繩位置:Sling Here;Points Of Slinging

從此開啟(此處打開):Open Here

先開頂部:Remove Top First Cut Straps

暗室開啟:Open In Dark Room

用滾子搬運:Use Rollers

不可滾動:Use No Rollers

夾緊位置:Clamping Position

八、檢驗和索賠條款(Inspection and Claims)

檢驗和索賠條款往往是同時出現的,在檢驗中如發現產品不符的情況,買方可提出索賠要求或者其他補救措施。檢驗和索賠條款中并沒有涉及很多的專業知識,特介紹一些范例如下:

范例一:

The manufacturer shall before making delivery,make a precise and comprehensive inspection of the goods as regards their quality,specifications,performance and quantity/weight,and issue certificates certifying that the goods are in conformity with the stipulations of this Contract. The certificates shall form an integral part of the documents to be presented to the paying bank for negotiation/collection of payment but shall not be considered as final in respect of quality,specifications,performance and quality/weight. Particulars and results of this test carried out by the manufacturer must be shown in a statement to be attached to the said Quality Certificate.

參考譯文:

在交貨以前,生產商應就訂貨的質量、規格、重量作出準確和全面的檢驗,并出具貨物和本合同規定相符的證明書,該證書為議付/托收貨款而應上交銀行的單據的組成部分,但不得作為認定貨物的質量、規格和重量的最后依據。生產商應將記載檢測細節和結果的書面報告附在質量證明書內。

范例二:

After arrival of the goods at the port of destination,the Buyer shall apply to the China Commodity Inspection Bureau(hereinafter called the Bureau)for a preliminary inspection of the goods in respect of their quality,specifications and quantity/weight. If any discrepancies are found by the Bureau regarding the specifications or the quantity/weight or both,except those for which either the insurance company or the shipping company is responsible,the Buyer shall,within 120 days after discharge of the goods at the port of destination,have the right either to reject the goods or to claim against the Seller on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by the Bureau.

參考譯文:

貨物到達口岸后,買方應向中國商品檢驗局(以下簡稱商檢局)申請就貨物的質量、規格和重量進行初步檢驗。如發現到貨到規格或重量與合同不符,除應由保險公司或船運公司負責外,買方于貨物在到貨口岸卸貨后120天內憑商檢局出具之檢驗證書有權拒收貨物或向賣方索賠。

范例三:

Within the guarantee period stipulated in Clause 14 hereof,should the quality and/or the specifications of the goods to be found not in conformity with the contracted stipulations,or should the goods prove defective for any reasons,including latent defect of the use of unsuitable materials,the Buyer shall arrange for an inspection to be carried out by the Bureau and have the right to claim against the Seller on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by the Burau.

參考譯文:

在合同第14條規定的保證期限內,如發現貨物的質量及/或規格與本合同規定不符或發現貨物無論任何原因引起的缺陷,包括潛在的缺陷或使用不良的原料,買方應申請商檢局檢驗,并有權根據商檢局簽發的證書向賣方索賠。

注:上句中連續出現兩個should…條件句,這在法律英語中非常常見。在這樣的句型中,should一般出現在句首,后面的動詞用原形,沒有時態等變化,句子為陳述句,并非疑問句。我們在第一章第二節專門探討了這個問題。再比如例句:Should all or part of the contract be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party,the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus caused. Should it be the fault of both parties,they shall bear their respective responsibilities according to actual situations.

范例四:

Any and all claims shall be regarded as accepted if the Seller fail to reply within 30 days after receipt of the Buyer’s claim.

參考譯文:

賣方收到買方索賠通知后,如果在三十日內不答復,應視為賣方同意買方提供了一切索賠。

范例五:

Settlment of claims:

In case the Selleris liable for the discrepancies and a claim is made by the Buyer within the period of claim or quality guarantee period as stipulated in Clause 15 and 16 of this Contract,the Seller shall settle the claim upon the agreement of the Buyer in the following ways:

1.Agree to the rejection of the goods and refund to the Buyer the value of the goods so rejected in the same currency as contracted herein,and to bear all direct losses and expenses in connection therewith,including interest accrued,banking charges,freight,insurance premium,insepection charges,storage,stevedore charges and all other necessary expenses required for the custody and protection of the rejected goods.

2.Devaluate the goods according to the degree of inferiority,extent of damage and amount of losses sustained by the Buyer.

3.Replace the defective goods with new ones which conform to the specifications,quality and performance as stipulated in this Contract,and bear all expenses incurred and direct losses sustained by the Buyer. The Seller shall,at the same time,guarantee the quality of the replacement goods for a further period of 12 months as specified in Clause 15 of this Contract.

參考譯文:

索賠解決方法:

如貨物不符合應由賣方負責,且買方按照本合同第15條和第16條的規定在索賠期限或質量保證期限內提出索賠,賣方在取得買方同意后,應按下列方式理賠:

1.同意買方退貨,并將退貨金額以成交原幣返還買方,并承擔因退貨而發生的一切直接損失和費用,包括利息、銀行費用、運費、保險費、商檢費、倉租費、碼頭裝卸費以及為保管退貨而發生的一切其他必要費用。

2.按照貨物的疵劣程度、損壞的范圍和買方所遭受的損失,將貨物貶值。

3.調換有瑕疵的貨物,換貨必須全新并符合本合同規定的規格和質量。賣方應負擔因此而發生的一切費用和買方遭受的一切直接損失。對換貨的質量,賣方仍應按本合同第15條的約定,保證十二個月。

◆ 知識點梳理

在有關檢驗和索賠條款中,常見的表達句式有:

主站蜘蛛池模板: 蒙阴县| 丰原市| 双江| 阜宁县| 宜兰县| 宝清县| 平江县| 乡城县| 嫩江县| 丹棱县| 孟津县| 沅江市| 嘉鱼县| 泾源县| 东乡| 永昌县| 镇原县| 新乐市| 阿拉善右旗| 敦煌市| 买车| 尚义县| 金华市| 杭州市| 锡林郭勒盟| 磴口县| 青铜峡市| 商南县| 文昌市| 湖州市| 靖边县| 华蓥市| 昌平区| 九龙县| 凌源市| 天峻县| 汉源县| 鄢陵县| 彰武县| 库车县| 平舆县|