- 涉外法律文書寫作
- 李萍
- 8450字
- 2022-07-29 15:41:35
第二節(jié) 法律英語的句法特征
第一節(jié)主要研究了法律英語的詞匯特征,本節(jié)將主要研究法律英語的句法特征。
法律英語的句法特征,主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:(1)冗長(zhǎng)句式;(2)條件句的普遍存在;(3)多用被動(dòng)語態(tài);(4)名詞的多重修飾。
一、冗長(zhǎng)句式
據(jù)專家統(tǒng)計(jì),在法律文件中,句子的平均長(zhǎng)度為271個(gè)單詞。這造成了閱讀英文法律文件的難度大大增加,這除了讀者要求英文功底好之外,還需要具備相應(yīng)的法律背景知識(shí),才能夠真正理解句子的含義。
但是,無論句子再長(zhǎng),也要遵循一定的語法規(guī)則,通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句式特征,法律英語中的長(zhǎng)難句也很容易被攻克。英語的五種基本句型為:
1.主語+謂語(subject+verb)
It works.(藥品/方法等)有效果。
2.主語+謂語+賓語(subject+verb+object)
I like apples.我喜歡蘋果。
3.主語+謂語+雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語)(subject+verb+indirect object+direct object)
I will tell you the truth.我會(huì)告訴你真相。
4.主語+謂語+賓語+賓補(bǔ)(subject+verb+object+object complement)
You make me happy. 你使我快樂。
5.主語+謂語(系動(dòng)詞)+表語(subject+verb(link verb)+predicative)
You are beautiful. 你很漂亮。
以上五個(gè)句子代表的就是英語中最基本的五大句型,任何高難度的法律英語表達(dá)都是從這五大基本句型發(fā)展而來的。如下面的例子所示:
范例一:

分析方法:
針對(duì)以上句子,我們先找出句子主干:the buyer may lodge a claim against the Seller for short-weight,其中the buyer為主語,may lodge為謂語,a claim為賓語,against the Seller for short-weight為賓語補(bǔ)足語,因此我們確認(rèn)該句的基本句型為第四種句型(主語+謂語+賓語+賓補(bǔ))。句子的主語和謂語被⑤(時(shí)間狀語within 15 days upon arrival of the goods at the destination)所隔離。結(jié)構(gòu)⑥ being supported by Inspection certificate是動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu),充當(dāng)short-weight的后置定語,而結(jié)構(gòu)⑦ issued by a reputable public surveyor又為結(jié)構(gòu)⑥中的Inspection Certificate的后置定語。
參考譯文:
貨物抵達(dá)目的港15天內(nèi),買方可以憑有信譽(yù)的公共檢驗(yàn)員出示的檢驗(yàn)證明向賣方提出短重索賠。
范例二:

分析方法:
本句子共包含109個(gè)單詞,句子主干為“Confidential information” shall mean and include any information and data of a commercially sensitive nature. 其中結(jié)構(gòu)①為主語,結(jié)構(gòu)②為謂語,結(jié)構(gòu)③為賓語,可以確定本句的句型為第二種基本句型:主語+謂語+賓語。如果再細(xì)分,句子主干中的of a commercially sensitive nature應(yīng)該為information and data的后置定語。兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句,一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的從句,均為非限制性定語從句,修飾information and data。另外,relating to引導(dǎo)一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞非謂語結(jié)構(gòu),disclosed by引導(dǎo)一個(gè)過去分詞非謂語結(jié)構(gòu),也是做后置定語,修飾information and data。Relating to引導(dǎo)的the business,technology,research,manufacturing,marketing,products,samples,processes and/or customers or suppliers為名詞并列,羅列保密信息所包含的范圍。
因此,本句子雖然很長(zhǎng),但是里面大部分內(nèi)容都是由起修飾作用為定語所組成:of a commercially sensitive nature,兩個(gè)that從句,一個(gè)which從句,兩個(gè)非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)。
另外,對(duì)于三個(gè)非限制性定語從句而言,即,結(jié)構(gòu)④⑤⑥,我們還可以進(jìn)一步分析。結(jié)構(gòu)④that is not generally known to the public,屬于第五種句型:主語+謂語(系動(dòng)詞)+表語;結(jié)構(gòu)⑤that is marked “confidential” or “proprietary”,or identified as confidential at the time of disclosure,也屬于第五種句型:主語+謂語(系動(dòng)詞)+表語;結(jié)構(gòu)⑥which by its nature or the circumstances surrounding its disclosure shall reasonably be regarded as confidential(regardless of whether such information is specifically designated as confidential and regardless of whether such information is in written,oral,electronic,or other form)比較復(fù)雜一些。我們單獨(dú)分析。
句子which by its nature or the circumstances surrounding its disclosure shall reasonably be regarded as confidential(regardless of whether such information is specifically designated as confidential and regardless of whether such information is in written,oral,electronic,or other form)中,which為主語,shall reasonably be regarded as confidential為謂語和表語,本句子主干也屬于主語+謂語(系動(dòng)詞)+表語,只是主語which跟謂語表語部分被by引導(dǎo)的介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)隔離開來,造成句子復(fù)雜。
綜上,本句用了多個(gè)定語結(jié)構(gòu)把保密的內(nèi)容盡可能多的包含進(jìn)去,體現(xiàn)了法律語言的精確性。
參考譯文:
“保密信息”是指并包括任何不為公眾所熟知的、具有商業(yè)敏感性的、已被標(biāo)記為“機(jī)密”或“專有”,或在披露時(shí)被標(biāo)識(shí)為機(jī)密的信息和數(shù)據(jù),或其性質(zhì)或圍繞其披露的情況應(yīng)合理地視為與業(yè)務(wù)、技術(shù)有關(guān)的機(jī)密信息(無論此類信息是否被專門指定為機(jī)密,并且無論該信息是書面、口頭、電子還是其他形式),且該信息是披露方根據(jù)本協(xié)議向接受方披露的與商業(yè)、技術(shù)、研究、制造、營銷、產(chǎn)品、樣品、過程和/或一方的客戶或供應(yīng)商相關(guān)。
范例三:

分析方法:
本句子的主干為:The franchisee agrees to pay the Franchisor a non-refundable Advertising Fee,可以該句子確定屬于第三種基本句型:主語+謂語+雙賓語。其中the Franchisee是主語,agrees to pay是謂語,the Franchisor是間接賓語,a non-refundable Advertising Fee是直接賓語。
結(jié)構(gòu)⑤中介詞短語in consideration of引導(dǎo)方式狀語,結(jié)構(gòu)⑥為without引導(dǎo)方式狀語,結(jié)構(gòu)⑦為時(shí)間狀語,結(jié)構(gòu)⑧為equal to引導(dǎo)的后置定語,修飾Advertising Fee。
參考譯文:
作為授予本許可的進(jìn)一步的對(duì)價(jià),特許經(jīng)營人同意無需特許人通知,在每個(gè)期間結(jié)束后的第十(10)日向特許人支付特許經(jīng)營人總收入百分之二(2%)的廣告費(fèi)(品牌發(fā)展費(fèi)),而且該費(fèi)用是不可退還的。
范例四:

分析方法:
本句子的主干為:The Licensee shall keep all the technical specifications for the products under license as well as all the other experience(know-how)secret,其中The License是主語,shall keep是謂語,結(jié)構(gòu)③和④是兩個(gè)并列賓語,結(jié)構(gòu)⑤secret是補(bǔ)語,可以確定該句子屬于第四種基本句型(主語+謂語+賓語+賓補(bǔ))。結(jié)構(gòu)⑥是過去分詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)做后置定語,修飾結(jié)構(gòu)③,結(jié)構(gòu)⑦也是過去分詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)做后置定語,修飾結(jié)構(gòu)④。結(jié)構(gòu)⑧是一個(gè)讓步狀語結(jié)構(gòu)。
這個(gè)句子與范例一均為主語+謂語+賓語+賓補(bǔ),難點(diǎn)在于,本句中的賓補(bǔ)放到了賓語的前面,主要是因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)并列賓語結(jié)構(gòu)太長(zhǎng),為了保持句子的平衡,故作倒裝處理。
參考譯文:
對(duì)于許可方向其授予的許可項(xiàng)下產(chǎn)品的一切技術(shù)規(guī)范以及向被許可方轉(zhuǎn)讓的其他一切經(jīng)驗(yàn)(專有技術(shù)),被許可均應(yīng)予以保密,除非本協(xié)議另有要求。
總之,通過以上例子,我們可以看出,無論法律英語的句子多么復(fù)雜,都無外乎從五種基本句型發(fā)展到枝繁葉茂。由于存在定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語等修飾結(jié)構(gòu),以及主語和謂語被隔離,倒裝現(xiàn)象的存在等,使句子變得復(fù)雜。在分析復(fù)雜句子的時(shí)候,我們可以先找出句子主干,之后再剝離出定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語等修飾結(jié)構(gòu),找出倒裝、隔離結(jié)構(gòu),將句子結(jié)構(gòu)層層剝離,就像剝洋蔥一樣,再復(fù)雜的句子也會(huì)迎刃而解。
二、條件句的大量存在
由于法律英語中經(jīng)常表達(dá)的是假設(shè)情形+后果,因?yàn)榇嬖诖罅康臈l件句,而條件句除了用if引導(dǎo)之外,為了突出法律英語的嚴(yán)肅性和準(zhǔn)確性,經(jīng)常用其他的結(jié)構(gòu)代替if。如:in the event of,in case(that),in case of,provided(that),should,where。下面分別舉例子介紹:
范例一:
In the event of any loss caused by the delay in the delivery,the Representative can claim a compensation from the Manufacturer with a certificate and detailed list registered by the administration authorities of the Representative’s site.
參考譯文:
如果由于延誤交貨而造成任何損失,則授權(quán)代表可以向制造商主張賠償,并提供授權(quán)代表所在地的管理機(jī)構(gòu)提供的證書和詳細(xì)清單。
范例二:
In case the Contract terminates prematurely,the Contract Appendices shall likewise terminate.
如果合同提前終止,則合同附錄也應(yīng)終止。
范例三:
Should all or part of the contract be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party,the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities caused therefrom. Should it be the fault of both parties,they shall bear their respective responsibilities according to actual situations.
參考譯文:
如果由于一方過錯(cuò)而無法全部或部分履行合同,違約方應(yīng)承擔(dān)由此引起的責(zé)任。如果是雙方的錯(cuò),雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況承擔(dān)各自的責(zé)任。
注:should表達(dá)“條件”的時(shí)候,一般放在句首,表達(dá)一種虛擬語氣,句子謂語用動(dòng)詞原形。
范例四:
Either Side can replace the representatives it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other Side.
參考譯文:
只要向另一方提交書面通知,任何一方都可以更換其任命的代表。
范例五:
Where a unit commits a crime,it shall be fined,and the persons who are directly in charge and the others who are directly responsible for the crime shall be imposed criminal punishment.
參考譯文:
單位犯罪的,對(duì)單位判處罰金,并對(duì)其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員判處刑罰。
范例六:
Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith paid,the officer may order the defendant to be searched.
參考譯文:
凡被告人被判處罰款,但沒有隨即繳付罰款,長(zhǎng)官可命令搜查被告人。
注:本句中的the same指的是前文的fine(罰金),the same的這種用法,我們?cè)诘谝还?jié)法律英語的詞匯特征已經(jīng)介紹過,此處不再贅述。
三、多用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)大量出現(xiàn)在法律英語中,其最大功能就是隱藏和弱化動(dòng)作的行為者,在法律語境下就是隱藏和弱化法律主體,模糊對(duì)法律行為主體的認(rèn)定,從而使法律語言顯得更加客觀公正。
范例一:
All construction projects shall be designed in compliance with the requirements for fortification against earthquakes and in conformity with the standard aseismatic design and shall be constructed in accordance with the design.
參考譯文:
建設(shè)工程必須按照抗震設(shè)防要求和抗震設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范進(jìn)行抗震設(shè)計(jì),并按照抗震設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行施工。
范例二:
Any term or provision of this Agreement may be waived,or the time for its performance may be extended,by the party or parties entitled to the benefit thereof.
參考譯文:
有權(quán)根據(jù)本協(xié)議規(guī)定獲益的當(dāng)事人可放棄本協(xié)議的任何條款或規(guī)定,或延遲本協(xié)議的履行時(shí)間。
范例三:
If any provision,or part of a provision of this Agreement is determined to be invalid,illegal or unenforceable by any rule or law,or public policy of any jurisdiction,all other provisions,or other parts of the provision of this Agreement shall nevertheless remain in full force and effect.
參考譯文:
如本協(xié)議的任何條款或條款之一部分依照有關(guān)司法管轄區(qū)的法庭裁決、法律或公共政策而被確認(rèn)無效、違法或不可執(zhí)行,本協(xié)議的其余條款或條款之其余部分仍將完全有效。
范例四:
The formation of this Contract,its validity,interpretation,execution and settlement of disputes in connection herewith shall be governed by the laws of the People’s Republic of China,but in the event that there is no published and publicly available law in the PRC governing a particular matter relating to this Contract,reference shall be made to general international commercial practice.
參考譯文:
本合同的訂立、效力、解釋、執(zhí)行及合同爭(zhēng)議的解決,均受中華人民共和國法律管轄。中國頒布的法律對(duì)本合同相關(guān)的某一事項(xiàng)未作規(guī)定的,參照國際商業(yè)管理。
四、名詞的多重修飾
在法律英語中,有時(shí)候?yàn)榱耸沟谜Z言更加精確,需要窮盡所有可能的情況,從而造成一個(gè)名詞或者名詞短語有多重修飾。
范例一:
The agent shall be responsible for damages and economic losses ① incurred by the Joint Venture Company ② solely due to the failure by the Agent to properly inform the Joint Venture Company of any amendments to the sales contract ③entered into by the Agent on behalf of the Joint Venture Company with a purchaser.
參考譯文:
代理人應(yīng)對(duì)僅因代理人未將其代理合營公司與買受人簽訂的買賣合同的任何修改未能適當(dāng)?shù)赝ㄖ蠣I公司而使合營公司發(fā)生的損害和經(jīng)濟(jì)損失負(fù)責(zé)。
本句中,名詞詞組damages and economic losses后共有三個(gè)修飾結(jié)構(gòu):
① incurred by the Joint Venture Company
② solely due to the failure by the Agent to properly inform the Joint Venture Company of any amendments to the sales contract
③ entered into by the Agent on behalf of the Joint Venture Company with a purchaser
其中①是后置定語修飾damages and economic losses,②是原因狀語,對(duì)于damages and economic losses產(chǎn)生的原因進(jìn)行說明,而③是②中sales contract的后置定語起修飾作用。因此,本句中存在兩層修飾關(guān)系。
我們可以再回到在本節(jié)第一點(diǎn)冗長(zhǎng)句式中的句子:

該句子也是存在多重修飾。被修飾結(jié)構(gòu)any information and data后共存在五個(gè)修飾結(jié)構(gòu):③④⑤⑥⑦⑧。
五、法律英語常用短語和詞組
法律英語頻繁出現(xiàn)一些短語和詞組,其表達(dá)方式與中文表達(dá)不完全對(duì)應(yīng),造成理解困難。本節(jié)將主要介紹以下常見詞組:otherwise,subject to,without prejudice to,for the purpose of,in respect of,save/except(for),notwithstanding。
(一)Otherwise
Otherwise在普通英語中的含義有:“不然,否則”;“在其他方面”;“別樣,以另外方式”。在法律英語中,otherwise一般指“除……以外”或“以其他方式”。應(yīng)具體情況具體分析,一般要與上下文連貫。它常與前置的unless,except或or,及后置的動(dòng)詞過去分詞連用。
范例一:
A company secretary of a company may,unless it is otherwise provided in the Articles of Association of the company or by any agreement with the company,resign as company secretary at any time.
參考譯文:
公司的公司秘書可隨時(shí)辭去公司秘書職位,除非該公司的章程或與該公司訂立的任何協(xié)議另有規(guī)定。
范例二:
Where a law or administrative regulation provides otherwise in respect of the method for calculation of damages and any limitation on damages,such provisions apply.
參考譯文:
法律、行政法規(guī)對(duì)賠償額的計(jì)算方法和賠償額另有規(guī)定的,從其規(guī)定。
范例三:
The handling of administrative penalty cases by customs houses shall be governed by these Provisions,unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law or administrative regulations.
參考譯文:
海關(guān)辦理行政處罰案件適用本規(guī)定,法律、行政法規(guī)另有規(guī)定的除外。
范例四:
If an offeror expressly indicates,whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise,that an offer shall not be revoked,then it is irrevocable.
參考譯文:
如果要約人確定了承諾期限或者以其他形式明示要約不可撤銷,則要約為不可撤銷要約。
范例五:
In case one party delayed performance or otherwise breached the contract,thereby frustrating the purpose of the contract,the other party is entitled to rescind the contract.
參考譯文:
當(dāng)事人一方遲延履行債務(wù)或者有其他違約行為致使不能實(shí)現(xiàn)合同目的的,另一方有權(quán)解除合同。
范例六:
No person shall be held to answer for a capital,or otherwise infamous crime,unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury,except in cases arising in the land or naval forces,or in the militia,when in actual service in time of war of public danger.
參考譯文:
無論何人,除非根據(jù)大陪審團(tuán)的報(bào)告或起訴書,不得受判處死罪或其他不名譽(yù)罪行之審判,但發(fā)生在陸、海軍中或發(fā)生在戰(zhàn)時(shí)或出現(xiàn)公共危險(xiǎn)時(shí)服現(xiàn)役的民兵中的案件,不在此限。
范例七:
A party who was unable to perform a contract due to force majeure is exempted from liability in part or in whole in light of the impact of the event of force majeure,except otherwise provided by law. Where an event of force majeure occurred after the party’s delay in performance,it is not exempted from liability.
參考譯文:
因不可抗力不能履行合同的,根據(jù)不可抗力的影響,部分或者全部免除責(zé)任,但法律另有規(guī)定的除外。當(dāng)事人遲延履行后發(fā)生不可抗力的,不能免除責(zé)任。
有的時(shí)候,otherwise更多的是起到舒緩語氣到作用,并沒有實(shí)質(zhì)的意義,如下例:
范例八:
He shall have power,by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,to make treaties,provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur;and he shall nominate,and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,shall appoint ambassadors,other public ministers and consuls,judges of the Supreme Court,and all other officers of the United States,whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for,and which shall be established by law;but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers,as they think proper,in the President alone,in the courts of law,or in the heads of departments.(from Section 2-President to Commander-in-Chief Article,the Constitution)
參考譯文:
總統(tǒng)有權(quán)締訂條約,但須爭(zhēng)取參議院的意見和同意,并須出席的參議員中三分之二的人贊成;他有權(quán)提名,并于取得參議院的意見和同意后,任命大使、公使及領(lǐng)事、最高法院的法官,以及一切其他在本憲法中未經(jīng)明定但以后將依法律的規(guī)定而設(shè)置之合眾國官員;國會(huì)可以制定,酌情把這些較低級(jí)官員的任命權(quán),授予總統(tǒng)本人,授予法院,或授予各行政部門的首長(zhǎng)。
(二)Subject to
在法律英語中,subject to一般指“遵從、遵守”;“根據(jù)”;“受制于”,如:
范例一:
This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practices for Documentary Credits(1983 Revision),International Chamber of Commerce,Publication No. 500.
參考譯文:
本信用證遵從國際商會(huì)第500號(hào)出版物,即《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一規(guī)則》。
范例二:
No state shall,without the consent of the Congress,lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports,except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws;and the net produce of all duties and imposts,laid by any state on imports or exports,shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States;and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.
參考譯文:
未經(jīng)國會(huì)同意,各州不得對(duì)進(jìn)口貨物或出口貨物征收任何稅款,但為了執(zhí)行該州的檢驗(yàn)法而有絕對(duì)的必要時(shí),不在此限;任何州對(duì)于進(jìn)出口貨物所征的稅,其凈收益應(yīng)歸合眾國國庫使用;所有這一類法律,國會(huì)對(duì)之有修正和監(jiān)督之權(quán)。
注:該句中,subject to意思是指“受制于……”,參考譯文作了意譯處理。
再如:
Rates of Exchange is often subject to alterations.(匯率經(jīng)常處于變動(dòng)中)
范例三:
Subject to this clause,an appeal shall be brought in such matter and shall be subject to such conditions as are prescribed by rules made under Clause 4.
參考譯文:
根據(jù)本條規(guī)定,這種情況下應(yīng)提出上訴,并須受第4款訂立的規(guī)則的限制。
注:本句中有兩個(gè)subject to結(jié)構(gòu)。其中第一個(gè)subject to的意思為“根據(jù)”,第二個(gè)subject to的意思為“受制于”。
范例四:
Subject to Clause 6,the Board shall have jurisdiction to inquire into,hear and determine the claims specified in the Schedule.
參考譯文:
根據(jù)第6條的規(guī)定,仲裁處具備調(diào)查、審訊及裁決附表內(nèi)指明的申索的司法管轄權(quán)。
(三)Without prejudice to
在法律英語中,without prejudice to一般指“在不影響……的原則下”或者“不妨礙/損害……的情況下”。
范例一:
During the period of entrusted shareholding,Party A has the right to request Party B to transfer the shares held by it and the shareholders’ rights involved to its own name or to any third party designated by it. For the formalities,relevant legal documents involved therein,without prejudice to Party B’s substantive interests,Party B must unconditionally agree and accept.
參考譯文:
在委托持股期間,甲方有權(quán)隨時(shí)要求乙方將其代持的股權(quán)及相關(guān)股東權(quán)益轉(zhuǎn)移到自己或自己指定的任何第三人名下,乙方應(yīng)無條件予以同意并及時(shí)予以配合協(xié)助和辦理相關(guān)法律手續(xù),屆時(shí)涉及的相關(guān)法律文件,在不損害乙方實(shí)質(zhì)利益的條件下,乙方須無條件同意并無條件承受。
范例二:
The employer may terminate this agreement without any period of notice or payment if the Employee at any time is guilty of serious misconduct or neglect or any other conduct in respect of the Employee’s employment or personal life which may seriously adversely affect the interests of the Employer. Such termination shall be without prejudice to any other rights of the Employer against the Employee.
參考譯文:
如果雇員的工作或個(gè)人生活中有嚴(yán)重不端、重大過失或任何其他行為,可能嚴(yán)重?fù)p害雇主的利益的,雇主可以終止本協(xié)議,且無需任何通知或支付經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償。該終止不應(yīng)損害雇主對(duì)雇員的任何其他權(quán)利。
范例三:
Without prejudice to your power and discretions,we hereby authorize you or your agents to take any actions including but not limited to the following……
參考譯文:
在不損害貴方權(quán)力和自由裁定權(quán)的前提下,本公司茲授權(quán)貴方或貴方代理人采取包括但不限于以下行為的權(quán)利……
(四)For the purpose of
For the purpose of 有兩種含義:一是“就……而言”;二是“為了……(目的)”。
范例一:
For the purpose of any repossession pursuant to Clause 10 Party A or its agent shall be entitled to enter any relevant land or buildings with such transport as may be necessary.
參考譯文:
就根據(jù)第10條進(jìn)行的任何重新占有而言,甲方或其代理人有權(quán)憑借所需要交通工具進(jìn)入相關(guān)土地或建筑物。
范例二:
For the purpose of this Agreement,“control” shall mean either the ownership of fifty-one percent or more of the ordinary share capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meetings or the power to nominate a majority of the board of directors of the Company.
參考譯文:
就本協(xié)議而言,“控制”系指擁有在股東大會(huì)上有投票權(quán)的百分之五十一或以上的公司普通股股本,或擁有任命公司董事會(huì)中多數(shù)董事的權(quán)利。
范例三:
A judge may,on the application ofan appellant who is in custody,order the appellant to be brought up to the court in custody for the purpose of attending his appeal or any application or any proceeding therein.
參考譯文:
法官可應(yīng)羈押中的上訴人的申請(qǐng),為了使上訴人能出席其上訴或其中任何申請(qǐng)或法律程序而命令將他在羈押狀態(tài)下帶上法庭。
(五)In respect of
在普通英語中,in respect of一般指“與…有關(guān)”,“就…方面”,其同義詞組有:in connection with,in relation to,relating to,with reference to,of等,但是在法律英語中,我們一般用正式程度較高的in respect of來表達(dá)此含義。
范例一:
The Licensee shall,at the request of the Licensor and at the Licensor’s expense,give full cooperation to the Licensor in any action or claim brought or threatened to be brought in respect of the Licensed Trademarks,including joining at a party to any proceedings.
參考譯文:
對(duì)于針對(duì)許可商標(biāo)提起或威脅擬提起的訴訟或索賠,應(yīng)許可方要求并由許可方支付費(fèi)用,被許可方應(yīng)給予許可方充分合作,包括作為當(dāng)事人參與任何訴訟。
范例二:
The company shall pay taxes and enjoy preferential tax treatment in respect of its economic activities in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of PRC and the relevant policies of the Industrial Park.
參考譯文:
公司應(yīng)根據(jù)中國的有關(guān)法律法規(guī)和工業(yè)園區(qū)的有關(guān)政策,就其經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)繳納稅收并享受稅收優(yōu)惠待遇。
范例三:
Party A shall bear all the investment risks to the company to the limit of its capital contributions entrusted. Party B is not deemed to bear the obligation of maintaining and increasing the value of the capital entrusted by Party A. Therefore,Party A shall not claim compensation or indemnification from Party B in respect of the loss from the assets contributed.
參考譯文:
甲方應(yīng)以其委托出資的數(shù)額為限,承擔(dān)對(duì)公司出資的一切投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn),乙方不對(duì)甲方委托的出資承擔(dān)保值增值義務(wù),甲方不得就出資財(cái)產(chǎn)的盈虧要求乙方承擔(dān)補(bǔ)償或賠償責(zé)任。
范例四:
You must pay to us or our nominee in pounds sterling or such other currency as we may require,the following sums without deduction or set-offs:our legal costs in respect of the signing of this agreement.
The Service Fee shall be due and payable whether or not you have received the service fee due to you in respect of any outlet under the relevant franchise agreement.
參考譯文:
您必須以英鎊或我們可能要求的其他貨幣向我們或我們的代名人支付以下款項(xiàng),且不得扣除或抵銷:與簽訂本協(xié)議相關(guān)的律師費(fèi)。
無論您是否已收到根據(jù)相關(guān)特許經(jīng)營協(xié)議就任何一家門店應(yīng)付給您的服務(wù)費(fèi),服務(wù)費(fèi)均應(yīng)支付。
(六)Save/except(for)
Save在普通英語中的含義是“拯救”,而在法律英語中則表示“除了…之外”。
范例一:
Save as is provided in this Clause,nothing in this Ordinance shall require the disclosure by a legal adviser of any privileged information,communication,book,document etc.
參考譯文:
除本條另有規(guī)定外,本條例并不要求法律顧問披露任何特權(quán)信息、通訊信息、簿冊(cè)、文件等。
范例二:
Save as provided in Clause 10,no payment of maternity leave pay or other sum may be made in lieu of the grant of maternity leave.
除第10條另有規(guī)定外,不得以支付產(chǎn)假薪酬或其他款項(xiàng)的方式代替給予產(chǎn)假。
范例三:
Save/Except as otherwise provided herein,all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof.
參考譯文:
除本合同另有規(guī)定,所有通知和請(qǐng)求以航空掛號(hào)信寄出的,寄出后八日即視為送達(dá),以電傳方式發(fā)送的,則在發(fā)出時(shí)視為送達(dá)。
(七)Notwithstanding
Notwithstanding在普通英語中很少見,但是法律英語中,其出現(xiàn)的頻率還比較高。該詞表達(dá)讓步的語氣,一般翻譯為“即使”、“盡管”,作為連詞使用,后面一般引導(dǎo)名詞性短語或者讓步狀語從句,相當(dāng)于although/though/even if。
范例一:
This constitution,and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof,and all treaties made,or which shall be made,under the authority of the United States shall be the supreme law of the land;and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby,anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.
參考譯文:
本憲法及依本憲法所制定之合眾國法律,以及合眾國已經(jīng)締結(jié)及將要締結(jié)的一切條約,皆為全國之最高法律;每個(gè)州的法官都應(yīng)受其約束,任何一州憲法或法律中的任何內(nèi)容與之抵觸時(shí),均不得有違這一規(guī)定。
注:最后一句:and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby,anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding,直譯為:每個(gè)州的法官都應(yīng)受其約束,即使該州的憲法或法律有相反規(guī)定。至于直譯與意譯的效果孰優(yōu)孰劣,大家可以自己體會(huì)。
范例二:
If the party A places an order within the time designated in this offer,the price for the goods will remain firm notwithstanding any variation in the costs of producing the goods.
參考譯文:
如果在要約指定的時(shí)間內(nèi),甲方下發(fā)了訂單,則貨物價(jià)格應(yīng)保持不變,即使生產(chǎn)成本發(fā)生變化。
范例三:
Notwithstanding the foregoing,both parties agree that the foreign shareholder may sell or transfer all or part of its rights and interests owned by it in the registered capital of the Company to its affiliated party without restrictions of Article 5 and Article 6.
參考譯文:
盡管有前述規(guī)定,雙方同意,外方股東可將其在公司注冊(cè)資本中擁有的全部或部分權(quán)益出售或轉(zhuǎn)讓給其關(guān)聯(lián)方,而不受第5條和第6條的限制。
范例四:
Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein,insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.
參考譯文:
即使本合同中有任何其他相反規(guī)定,保險(xiǎn)范圍和責(zé)任限制亦應(yīng)當(dāng)以各方同意為準(zhǔn)。
(八)Any Person Who Does… Shall
大多數(shù)的法律條文表達(dá)的都是一種假設(shè)情形和行為后果,因此,“Any Person Who Does… Shall”句型出現(xiàn)的頻率很高,也是一種非常簡(jiǎn)明、直接的表達(dá)方式。
范例一:
Any person who,without lawful authority or reasonable excuse,while having dealings of any kind with any other public body,offers any advantage to any public servant employed by that public body,shall be guilty of an offence.
參考譯文:
任何人與其他公共機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行任何事務(wù)往來時(shí),無合法授權(quán)或合理辯解而向受雇于該公共機(jī)構(gòu)的公職人員提供任何利益,即屬犯罪。
范例二:
Any person convicted of an offence and sentenced to life imprisonment under the Criminal Law shall,by reason of such conviction,be disqualified to hold the post of director and office in a company for a period of 5 years after expiration of the sentence.
參考譯文:
觸犯《刑法》之罪名且被判處有期徒刑的,由于此判刑,自刑期屆滿之日起五年內(nèi)不得擔(dān)任公司的董事、高管。
范例三:
Any person who sets fire,breaches dikes,causes explosions,spreads poison,and employs other dangerous means that lead to serious injuries or death,or causes major losses to public or private property shall be sentenced to no less than 10 years of fixed-term imprisonment,life imprisonment,or death.
參考譯文:
放火、決水、爆炸、投毒或者以其他危險(xiǎn)方法致人重傷、死亡或者使公私財(cái)產(chǎn)遭受重大損失的,處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。
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