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第八章 髓質(zhì)海綿腎

【定義】

髓質(zhì)海綿腎(medullar sponge kidney,MSK)是一種先天性發(fā)育異常,表現(xiàn)為腎髓質(zhì)乳頭部的集合管擴(kuò)張,呈囊狀。多數(shù)MSK為散發(fā)性,少數(shù)為遺傳性。

【臨床特征】

1.流行病學(xué)

(1)發(fā)病率:

發(fā)病率約為1/5 000~1/2 000,普通人群發(fā)病率小于0.5%,在復(fù)發(fā)性草酸鈣結(jié)石患者中約占12%~20%。

(2)發(fā)病年齡:

多數(shù)在年輕成人患者中得到確診,但常在出生時(shí)已經(jīng)存在。

(3)性別:

男性多見。

2.癥狀

表現(xiàn)為復(fù)發(fā)性尿路結(jié)石及感染等并發(fā)癥,并有腎絞痛,腰背部疼痛和間歇性血尿、膿尿等。

3.實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查

顯示為尿路結(jié)石及尿路感染等并發(fā)癥相關(guān)的異常。

4.影像學(xué)特點(diǎn)

超聲顯示雙腎大小正常或略增大,可見圍繞髓質(zhì)呈放射狀的無(wú)回聲區(qū)和強(qiáng)回聲光點(diǎn),伴有后方聲影;腹部平片顯示多發(fā)性結(jié)石在腎乳頭區(qū)呈簇狀、放射狀排列;尿路造影顯示雙腎乳頭呈“畫筆”樣;CT平掃示雙腎錐體內(nèi)多發(fā)小結(jié)石,呈斑點(diǎn)狀。

5.治療

主要針對(duì)并發(fā)癥,無(wú)癥狀和并發(fā)癥時(shí)不需治療。

6.預(yù)后

如反復(fù)并發(fā)尿路結(jié)石、尿路感染及腎盂腎炎時(shí),可致腎功能受損,預(yù)后不良。

【病理變化】

1.大體特征

多為雙側(cè)腎臟受累。多數(shù)腎臟大體正常,約1/3患者腎臟彌漫性輕度增大。切面腎錐體見大小不等囊腫(多數(shù)直徑<1.5mm),常伴小結(jié)石。

2.鏡下特征

(1)組織學(xué)特征:

腎錐體囊腫內(nèi)壁襯覆立方至柱狀上皮,接近尿路上皮處可見上皮復(fù)層化;囊腔內(nèi)含嗜伊紅染物質(zhì),也可見磷酸鹽結(jié)石/草酸鈣結(jié)石、多核巨細(xì)胞、紅細(xì)胞;間質(zhì)可見纖維化及炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn);腎錐體外的腎實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)無(wú)囊腫形成。

(2)免疫組化:

腎錐體囊腫內(nèi)襯上皮EMA陽(yáng)性。

3.基因遺傳學(xué)特征

約5%患者為常染色體顯性遺傳,可能與GDNFRET基因突變或多態(tài)性相關(guān)。此外還可能與腎母細(xì)胞瘤、尿路發(fā)育異常、Beckwith-Wiedemann綜合征、Rabson-Mendenhall綜合征、先天性肝纖維化、Ehlers-Danlos綜合征、MEN2及馬凡氏綜合征相關(guān)。

【鑒別診斷】

常染色體顯性遺傳多囊腎病(ADPKD)

可表現(xiàn)為腎盞周圍腎小管擴(kuò)張,但皮質(zhì)囊腫和家族史的存在有助于區(qū)別MSK的散發(fā)性病例。

(王景美 付堯 樊祥山)

參考文獻(xiàn)

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