第4章 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果和現(xiàn)在有密不可分的聯(lián)系。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法

1. 表示說話之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，而且這個(gè)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果對現(xiàn)在仍然有影響。

It seems that I have met him somewhere before.

似乎我以前在哪里見過他。

The manager has just left. If only you had come a moment earlier.

經(jīng)理剛走。你要是早點(diǎn)來就好了。

Where have you been this morning? We were all anxious about you.

今天上午你去哪里了？我們都很擔(dān)心你。

He has been to the city before，so he knows the way well.

他以前去過那個(gè)城市，所以他很熟悉那里的路。

2. 表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

I have travelled to most of the cities in China since five years ago.

五年來我已游遍了中國的大多數(shù)城市。

I have worked in the company since I graduated from university.

大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后，我一直在這家公司工作。

We have learned about 3，000 words in the past few years.

在過去的幾年中，我們已經(jīng)掌握了大約三千個(gè)詞匯了。

3. 在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，用來代替將來時(shí)。

Once you have made a promise，you shouldn't break it.

一旦許下諾言，你就不能違背。

I'll go home as soon as I have finished all my homework.

我一做完所有作業(yè)就回家。

要點(diǎn)拓展

1. 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型。

① It/This is the first/last/only…that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

It is the first time that I have visited the city.

這是我第一次拜訪這個(gè)城市。

It is the third time that the boy has been late.

這是這個(gè)男孩第三次遲到。

This is the only book that he has ever written.

這是他寫過的唯一的一本書。

② 在“It/This is+形容詞最高級+that…”結(jié)構(gòu)中，that從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

This is the best film that I've seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。

It is the most interesting book that I have ever read.

這是我讀過的最有趣的書。

2. 瞬間動(dòng)詞和持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的用法。

瞬間動(dòng)詞的肯定形式通常不能與表示一段時(shí)間的for短語、since短語或從句等連用，因?yàn)樗查g動(dòng)詞不能表示延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，它只能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表達(dá)“已經(jīng)做了”或“還沒有做”，而不能表達(dá)“持續(xù)了多久”，但是在否定句中就沒有這個(gè)限制了。

瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用，即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。

（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.

（對）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

我已經(jīng)將近一個(gè)月沒收到他的信了。

3. since和for經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子中，但需要注意以下用法。

since用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)間長度。

I have lived here for more than twenty years.

我已經(jīng)在這里住了二十幾年了。

I have lived here since I was born. 自從我出生，我就住在這里。

My aunt has worked in the clinic since 2000.

我阿姨從2000年開始就一直在這家診所工作。

I have known her since she was a little girl.

從她還是個(gè)孩子時(shí)起，我就認(rèn)識(shí)她。

My brother has been in the Youth League for five years.

我哥哥加入青年團(tuán)已經(jīng)有五年了。

I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

我已經(jīng)很久沒有收到叔叔的來信了。

4. 一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別。

① 一般過去時(shí)所表示的一個(gè)或一段過去時(shí)間是可以具體確定的，與其他時(shí)間沒有牽連。過去時(shí)表示的是對過去事實(shí)的描述，與現(xiàn)在的情況沒有關(guān)系。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的事情發(fā)生在不能具體指出的過去某個(gè)或某段時(shí)間，它表示和現(xiàn)在情況有關(guān)系，是過去發(fā)生的事情在現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響，或動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)著。

Did you go to Europe last year?去年你去歐洲了嗎？（對去年發(fā)生的行為的疑問）

Have you been to Europe? 你去過歐洲嗎？（表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的行為，實(shí)際上問的是現(xiàn)在的情況，即，你對那里了解多少?）

②表示確定的過去時(shí)間的狀語可以和一般過去時(shí)連用，但不能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的是在一定意義上與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間有關(guān)系的時(shí)間狀語。

I have been to Europe twice. 我去過歐洲兩次了。

He went to Europe last week. 他上周去歐洲了。

③像fall，arrive，come，leave，start，buy，sell，hear，join等瞬間動(dòng)詞，可以用一般過去時(shí)，但用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。

How long have you bought the car?（×）（buy是瞬間動(dòng)詞，不能和how long連用）

How long have you had the car？（√）這輛車你買了多久？

He has fallen ill for a week.（fall ill是瞬間動(dòng)詞，不能和“for+一段時(shí)間”連用）

He has been ill for a week.（√）他已經(jīng)病了一個(gè)星期了。

專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練

1. The unemployment rate in this district__________from 6% to 5% in the past two years.

A. has fallen

B. had fallen

C. is falling

D. was falling

答案：A in the past two years是明確的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志。

2. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945，and their power__________increased enormously ever since.

A. is

B. was

C. has been

D. had been

答案：C ever since表示核武器的威力從1945年至今變得越來越強(qiáng)大，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

3. Although he has lived with us for years，he__________us much impression.

A. hadn't left

B. didn't leave

C. doesn't leave

D. hasn't left

答案：D 表示之前的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。

4. Danny__________hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.

A. works

B. is working

C. has worked

D. worked

答案：C 表示之前的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。

5. They__________two free tickets to Europe；otherwise they'd never have been able to afford to go.

A. had got

B. got

C. have got

D. get

答案：C 強(qiáng)調(diào)“已經(jīng)得到票”這個(gè)結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的影響。

6. Although medical science__________control over several dangerous diseases，what worries us is that some of them are returning.

A. achieved

B. has achieved

C. will achieve

D. had achieved

答案：B “盡管醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)已經(jīng)控制了一些嚴(yán)重的疾病”，強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果。

7. My friend，who__________on the International Olympic Committee all his life，is retiring next month.

A. served

B. is serving

C. had served

D. has served

答案：D 表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

8.__________my sister three times today but her line was always busy.

A. I'd phoned

B. I've been phoning

C. I've phoned

D. I was phoning

答案：C three times today強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的結(jié)果和對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。

9. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents__________that they won't support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.

A. were deciding

B. have decided

C. decided

D. will decide

答案：B 盡管這里沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語，但從后面的they won't support him可以看出，這里的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果。

10. The coffee is wonderful！It doesn't taste like anything I__________before.

A. was having

B. have

C. have ever had

D. had ever had

答案：C 這里的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)“這咖啡真不錯(cuò)”。

11. John and I__________friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we__________each other a couple of times before that.

A. had been；have seen

B. have been；have seen

C. had been；had seen

D. have been；had seen

答案：D have been friends for eight years表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的狀態(tài)。had seen each other這個(gè)過去完成時(shí)是由before that決定的。

12. — Do you know our town at all?

— No，this is the first time I__________here.

A. was

B. have been

C. came

D. am coming

答案：B this is the first time這個(gè)句型中要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

13. Great changes__________in my hometown in the past few years.

A. were taken place

B. have been taken place

C. took place

D. have taken place

答案：D in the past few years是明確的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志，而且take place沒有被動(dòng)的用法，所以B不對。

14. — Why does Mary look to be so sorry?

— Because she__________by her classmates.

A. has been laughed

B. has laughed at

C. was laughed

D. has been laughed at

答案：D 表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，laugh at要用被動(dòng)形式，表示她被嘲笑的事實(shí)。

15. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture，but when and where__________yet.

A. hasn't been decided

B. haven't decided

C. isn't being decided

D. aren't decided

答案：A 表示“還沒有決定”現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果，而且必須用被動(dòng)形式。

16. She has set a new record，that is，the sales of her latest book__________50 million.

A. have reached

B. has reached

C. are reaching

D. had reached

答案：A sales是“銷售額”的意思，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。這里的have reached強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果和影響。

17. — We haven't heard from Jane for a long time.

— What do you suppose__________to her?

A. was happening

B. to happen

C. has happened

D. having happened

答案：C do you suppose是插入語，has happened說明過去發(fā)生的事情對現(xiàn)在事實(shí)造成的結(jié)果。

18. When I was at college I__________three foreign language，but I__________all except for a few words of each.

A. spoke；had forgotten

B. spoke；have forgotten

C. had spoken；had forgotten

D. had spoken；have forgotten

答案：B When I was at college表示對過去事實(shí)的陳述，“but”后的句子說明了現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)。

19. — How are you today?

— Oh，I__________as ill as I do now for a very long time.

A. didn't feel

B. wasn't feeling

C. don't feel

D. haven't felt

答案：D “我很久沒有像現(xiàn)在這么難受了。”為了強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)。

20. I wonder why Jenny__________us recently. We should have heard from her by now.

A. hasn't written

B. doesn't write

C. won't write

D. hadn't written

答案：A recently表示最近的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。