???第一節 國外發達國家實踐
Section One Practice of Developed Countries Abroad

一、德國：以“工業4.0”重構產業生態

1. Germany: Reconstructing Industrial Ecology with“Industry 4.0”

“工業4.0”緣于2008年金融危機。當時德國提出，工程和制造業等核心行業要做出改變，變得更有效率，才能夠渡過金融危機。歷時三年討論，2011年落地。“工業4.0”經歷了三個發展階段：柔性化、定制化生產，企業從產品平臺向服務平臺演進，物聯網技術讓工業互聯網成為現實。德國認為，未來7年，最重要的技術趨勢是數字孿生，虛擬世界和物理世界徹底打通，員工能力和商業模式徹底重構，但任何一家企業都不可能憑一己之力做到這些，聚焦核心、打造生態，是領導型企業的普遍做法。德國“工業4.0”側重以下幾個方向。第一，運用新的技術變革，其中最重要的技術是數字孿生。產品在物理世界真實存在之前就已經在虛擬數字世界中存在，一旦有了數字孿生，就可以虛擬設計產品，可以模擬市場，可以把產品配置成客戶需要的樣子，可以設計產品性能和經驗，所有的一切都可以在數字化世界中完成，不需要任何物理世界中的操作。第二，要重新思考產品的構成要素，重新考慮產品如何設計和驗證，重新思考如何驗證這些產品，讓這些產品能夠實現新的功能。例如客戶買的不是機車，而是交通能力，這是完全不同的商業模式。如果企業提供高質量及時的交通，而且有很好的客戶體驗，就可以獲得溢價，這就變成一個服務行業，與制造行業不一樣，賣出產品之后通過服務獲得利潤。第三，“工業4.0”進入了新的層面，就是自動化升級，隨之而來的變化是新工種和對新工作能力的需求，因為“工業4.0”的領導者在創造新的工作崗位。對于領導者來說，他們把供應鏈帶回國內，也意味著需要重新去培訓員工來做一些很重要的新工作，工作種類在發生改變。對于德國來說，制造業是強項，在 B2B 方面非常強，但是B2C行業不是很強，將來會用人工智能、機器學習和機器人來搭建基礎架構，實現定制產品和服務①。

“Industry 4.0”came from the financial crisis in 2008. At that time, Germany proposed that core industries such as engineering and manufacturing should make changes and become more efficient in order to survive the financial crisis. It was launched in 2011 after three years of discussion. “Industry 4.0”has experienced three stages of development: flexible and customized production; evolution of enterprise from product platform to service platform;industrial Internet realized by using Internet of things technology. Germany believed that in the next seven years, the most important technology trend is the digital twin. The virtual world and the physical world will be completely opened up, and the employees' ability and business mode will be completely reconstructed. However, no enterprise can do this on its own. The common practice of leading enterprises is to focus on the core and build ecology. Germany's“Industry 4.0”focuses on the following directions. The first is to use new technological changes, the most important one of which is the digital twin. Products exist in the virtual digital world before they exist in the physical world. Once there is a digital twin, products can be designed virtually, markets can be simulated, products can be configured as customers need, and product performance and experience can be designed, all of which can be completed in the digital world without any operation in the physical world. Second, it should rethink the components of products, how to design and verify products, and how to verify these products so that these products can achieve new functions. For example, what customers want are not vehicles, but the transportation capacity. This is a completely different business model. If an enterprise provides high-quality and timely transportation, and has a good customer experience, it can get a premium and become a service industry. Unlike the manufacturing industry，it will make profits through services after selling products. Third, “Industry 4.0”has entered a new level of automation upgrading, followed by changes such as the demand for new types of work and new working abilities, because the leaders of“Industry 4.0”are creating new jobs. Leaders bring the supply chain back home country, which means that they need to retrain their employees to do some critical new jobs, and types of their jobs are changing. For Germany, manufacturing industry is a strong point. It is solid in B2B, but not in B2C industry. In the future, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robots will be used to build infrastructure and realize customized products and services.

二、美國：以新能源、先進制造和大數據引領新經濟發展

2. The United States: Leading the Development of New Economy with New Energy, Advanced Manufacturing and Big Data

新能源革命對美國經濟產生了深遠影響。以含油砂、重油、氣變油以及其他液態油為代表的非常規能源，重塑了美國的能源格局，并在就業和政府收入方面對美國經濟產生了深遠影響。如烴類能源的生產會促進石油化工、化肥、合成樹脂、鐵、鋼材、玻璃、造紙以及塑料加工等依賴天然氣生產的行業的發展，并會在服務業、建筑業、運輸業、貿易領域產生更深遠的影響。

The new energy revolution has had a profound impact on the American economy. Unconventional energy, such as oil sands, heavy oil, steam-turned oil and other liquid oil, has reshaped the energy pattern of the United States, and has had a profound impact on the U. S. economy in terms of employment and government revenue. For example, the production of hydrocarbon energy will promote the development of industries that rely on natural gas production, such as petrochemical industry, chemical fertilizer, synthetic resin, iron, steel, glass, papermaking and plastic processing, and will have a more far-reaching impact on the industry of service, construction, transportation and trade.

先進制造業帶動了美國經濟的發展。先進制造業以其涉及領域廣、產品附加值高的特點，帶動了美國經濟的發展。制造業在美國歷史上發揮著重要作用，是支撐美國綜合國力保持世界領先的重要基石。但一段時間以來，制造業的日趨弱勢與以金融為代表的虛擬經濟的相對強勢，增加了美國經濟的不穩定性，也加劇了貧富差距，助長了兩極分化。2008年爆發的金融危機使美國人意識到，虛擬經濟需要堅實的實體經濟作為支撐。為此，美國政府提出了“再工業化”和“重振美國制造業”的戰略，試圖通過引導制造業企業的回流來增強美國經濟的厚度，創造更多就業機會。

Advanced manufacturing industry drives the development of American economy. Advanced manufacturing industry, with its wide range and high added value of products, has driven the development of American economy. The manufacturing industry plays an important role in the history of the United States and is an important cornerstone to support the United States' comprehensive national strength and maintain its leading position globally. However, for some time, the manufacturing industry's weakness and the relative strength of virtual economy typically in finance have increased the instability of American economy, widened the gap between the rich and the poor and led to polarization. After the financial crisis in 2008, Americans realize that the virtual economy needs solid real economy as support. Therefore, the U. S. government puts forward the strategy of“reindustrialization”and“revitalizing the U.S. manufacturing industry”, trying to enhance the strength of the U.S. economy and create more employment opportunities by guiding the return of manufacturing enterprises.

大數據產業為經濟發展提供了新動能。數字經濟時代孕育著海量的數字資源。電子支付的普及、網上購物的興起、社交媒體的活躍，以及新型可穿戴設備，造就了指數級增長的數據資源。根據麥肯錫全球研究所的報告，大數據的應用每年可為美國帶來6 100億美元的產值。其中，在零售業和制造業領域，每年帶動產值的增加額可達到1 550億～3 250億美元；在醫療保健和政府服務領域，每年也會帶來約2 850億美元的成本結余，間接促進了經濟增長①。

Big data industry provides new growth drivers for economic development. The era of digital economy is pregnant with massive digital resources. The popularity of electronic payment, the rise of online shopping, social media dynamics, and new wearable devices have created exponential growth of data resources. According to McKinsey Global Research Institute, the application of big data can bring 610 billion US dollars of output value every year. Among them, retail and manufacturing, the annual increase in output value can reach 155 billion－325 billion US dollars; in the fields of health care and government services, the annual cost balance will also bring about 285 billion US dollars, indirectly promoting economic growth.

三、英國：頂層規劃引領智慧城市建設

3. UK: Top-Level Plan Leading the Construction of Smart City

2013年，英國倫敦出臺《智慧倫敦規劃》，旨在“利用先進技術的創造力來服務倫敦并提高倫敦市民生活質量”②。規劃提出將人、技術與數據有效整合，以集成、創新的方式解決城市治理問題。一是以人和企業為核心，創建“對話倫敦（Talk London）網上社區”，鼓勵和幫助“倫敦人”參與社會治理。二是促進數據整合與共享，構建一站式數據開放平臺——“倫敦數據倉庫”，實現交通、安全、經濟、旅游等跨部門跨行政區數據的整合與共享。三是發展數字技術與人工智能，創設市長出口計劃，組織智慧城市領域的中小技術企業參加貿易使團赴海外開拓新市場。四是加強數字技術與城市基礎設施的融合，在公共交通系統使用非接觸式支付卡（CPCs）提高通行效率，將采集到的數據用于優化交通管理。倫敦智慧城市建設成效顯著，在2018年“IESE 城市動態指數”排行榜中獲評“全球最佳智慧城市”。

In 2013, London issued the“Smart London Plan”, aiming to“use the creativity of advanced technology to serve London and improve Londoners' quality of life”. The plan proposes to effectively integrate people, technology and data to solve urban governance problems in an integrated and innovative way. The first is to create the online community“Talk London”with people and enterprises as the core to encourage and help“Londoners”to participate in social governance. The second is to promote data integration and shared, build a one-stop open data platform —“London Data Warehouse”, and realize the cross-department and cross-region integration and share of data among transportation, safety, economy, tourism, etc. The third is to develop digital technology and artificial intelligence, make the export plan by Mayor of London, and organize small and medium technology enterprises in the smart city to participate in trade missions to open up new markets overseas. Fourth, strengthen the integration of digital technology and urban infrastructure, use contactless payment cards （CPCs）in public transport system to improve traffic efficiency, and use the collected data to optimize traffic management. London has made remarkable achievements in the construction of smart city and was rated as“The Best Smart City in the World”in the“IESE City Dynamic Index”in 2018.

四、加拿大：政企合作開發未來城市和打造數字生活互動場

4. Canada: Cooperation Between Government and Enterprise to Develop Future City and Create Interactive Field of Digital Life

2017年10月，谷歌Sidewalk Labs宣稱，計劃在加拿大多倫多市開發名為Quayside的“未來城”，旨在利用創新性乃至具有革新性的方法實現城市更新，解決公共空間不足、可持續發展、交通擁堵等城市問題，打造未來城市平臺。一是以論證性為導向的未來城市藍圖設計，推進法規修改與基礎設施建設。通過專家咨詢、公眾反饋等多方論證，以多媒介面向大眾公開文件進展與更新，推出總體創新與發展計劃。二是全面布局城市感知系統。通過開發不包含具體器件的框架，注重打造“城市USB端口”，方便社區、公共場所等地快速安裝感知設備，幫助城市形成為居民、企業服務的全感知網絡。三是在城市設計上注重居民體驗：通過設計無路邊臺階街道，方便行人與自行車匯入；同時將街道與多倫多的輕軌系統相連，實現出行無感連結；通過路邊感應器設計，收集相關交通數據，管理多運輸方式流量情況，為未來自動駕駛汽車打下基礎①。

In October 2017, Google Sidewalk Labs announced that it plans to develop a“future city”named Quayside in Toronto, Canada. It aims to use innovative methods to realize urban renewal, solve urban problems such as insufficient public space, sustainable development and traffic congestion, and build a future urban platform. The first is the blueprint design of the future city oriented by argumentation, revision of laws and regulations and infrastructure construction. Through multi-party argumentation such as expert consultation, public feedback, it declares the progress and update of documents to the public through multi-media and launches the overall innovation and development plan;the second is to comprehensively layout the city perception system. Developing a framework with no specific devices, it focuses on building“urban USB port”to facilitate the rapid installation of sensing devices in communities and public places, and help the city form a full sensing network to serve residents and enterprises. The third is to pay attention to residents' experience in urban design, facilitating the blending of pedestrians and bicycles through the design of no sidewalk street, connecting the streets with the light rail system of Toronto to achieve insensate links, and collecting relevant traffic data to manage the flow of multiple modes of transportation through the design of roadside sensors to lay a foundation for future self-driving cars.

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