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[原載《西安交通大學學報》(社會科學版)2010年第6期,作者對原文內容進行了修訂]


[1]在本文中“中國傳統家庭”這一術語主要指晚清至民國期間的家庭生活模式。

[2]西方發達國家比較完整的公共福利制度是近代才開始出現的,即使在古代,西方的公共福利制度,主要是由宗教組織主持的福利制度,似乎也比中國發展得更早。即使在工業化之前,西方家庭中老年父母對子女的依賴也相對較弱,這也從另一方面凸顯了在西方公共養老福利的重要性。簡言之,以英國為代表的歐洲的家庭體系遠在工業化之前就已經出現了現代家庭的一些特點,如核心家庭結構、婚姻自主、較弱的親子聯系,等等(Laslett,1972;Macfarlane,1986;Shorter,1975)。

[3]宗族制度在傳統中國家庭體系,尤其是中國南方的家庭生活中,曾經有著非常重要的影響。但宗族組織在中國現代家庭生活中基本不復存在,因而在本文中不做討論。

[4]一個家庭戶中戶主的效用函數可以定義為
Uh=U(Zh,Zi,…,Zp
其中Uh 是戶主的效益,Zi 是 第 i 受益者的消費或效益,i = 1, 2,…, p。戶主h的利他主義在這里定義為Uh/Zi>0, 即,戶主的效益隨受益者的效益的提高而提高。戶主的收入為Ih=∑pi=1yi+Zh其中yi是戶主給予受益者i的貢獻。經代數變換后,家庭總收入ShSh=Zh+∑pi=1Zi=Ih+∑pi=1Ii因為戶主h的效用函數定義為與家中其他人的效用正相關,最大化家庭總體效用函數與最大化戶主h本人的效用函數是同效的。令戶主的效用函數相對于自己和他人的一階偏導數等于0,總體效用最大化的條件為U/Zi=U/Zj 其中i,j=h,1,2,…p(Becker,1991:287)得出的條件說明,當增加任何家庭成員(包括戶主)的消費對總體效用的增長率相同時,家庭總體效用達到最大值。當我們假定戶主會通過再分配的辦法保證這種平衡,我們就得出“壞孩子定理”。

[5]大量的社會調查已經表明,在當代中國女兒已經成為保證父母老有所養的一個重要來源。即使在傳統中國社會,也有許多研究表明已婚的女兒繼續與娘家保持親密的聯系(Lin, 1947; Baker,1979)。

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