Conventions

In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows: "The first function is gibbs_met."

A block of code is set as follows:

myMean ←function(x){
    s ←sum(x)
    l ←length(x)
    mean ←s/l
    mean
}
>x ←c(10,20,30,40,50)
>myMean(x)
[1]  30

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

setwd("directory path")

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in the text like this: "You can also set this from the menu bar of RStudio by clicking on Session | Set Working Directory."