Supported languages

While functions and procedures can be written in plain SQL, we are not likely to end up using this in our day-to-day development. More often, we will write functions and procedures in a much richer language with support for iterations, conditionals, and other constructs to provide a better control flow. PostgreSQL comes with a language named PL/pgSQL that enhances plain SQL with control flow predicates, and is often used as the default language for the implementation of functions and procedures.

Nevertheless, as already stated, PostgreSQL supports other external languages as well. In particular, it can handle Perl 5, Python, and TCL code via built-in languages called plperl, plpythonu, and pltcl, as well as the language PostgreSQL is built on, C. Other languages can be installed and used in addition, including Java (by means of pljava), Ruby, and Bash.

Usually, all external languages comes in two forms: a trusted and an untrusted version. The trusted language imposes strict constraints on the execution context, not allowing, for instance, the loading of external resources (such as modules, libraries, or files) or network connectivity (such as socket interaction). On the other hand, untrusted languages allow the code to execute whatever the language allows it to do and, for this reason, can only be managed by database superusers.