一、現存歷代古建模型舉例

Examples of Existing Ancient Architecture

1.佛光寺大殿

Hall of the Buddha Temple

中國現存規模最大、結構最復雜的唐代木構建筑，位于山西省五臺縣，建于唐大中十一年（857年）。大殿為單檐廡殿頂，面闊7間^?，進深4間，通長34米，總進深約17.66米。構架為殿堂型，由下層柱網層、中層鋪作層和上層屋架層水平層疊而成。屋面坡度舒緩，出檐深遠，檐下有雄大的斗拱，整體雄渾莊重、簡潔明朗，彰顯了大唐建筑的藝術風采。

It is the largest and most complex wooden framework of the Tang Dynasty in China. Located in Wutai County, Shanxi Province, it was built in the 11th year of Dazhong Era of the Tang Dynasty (857). The main hall is in the form of single-eave hip roof, with a width of 7 jians^?, a depth of 4 jians, a length of 34 meters, and a total depth of about 17.66 meters. The structure is palace-shaped, which consists of the horizontal layers of the lower pillar net layer, the middle layer and the upper roof truss layer. The slope of the roof is smooth, and the eaves are far-reaching. There are great dougong under the eaves. The building is, overall,magnificent and dignified, simple and clear, reflecting the artistic charm of the Tang Dynasty’s architecture.

2.獨樂寺觀音閣

Guanyin Pavilion of the Dule Temple

中國現存最早的木構樓閣式建筑，位于天津市薊州區，相傳始建于唐朝，后于遼統和二年（984年）重建。它是一座三層的木構樓閣，其中第二層為暗層，通高23米，閣頂為單檐歇山頂。閣平面為長方形，面闊5間，進深4間。這座建筑的特色是中央有一個從上到下的大天井，用來容納16米高的觀音塑像，四周設兩層圍廊，人們可以在各層從不同角度進行觀賞。

整個建筑的斗拱種類繁多，上下檐的斗拱粗大雄偉，排列疏朗，起承重作用。位于底層斗拱以上和平座樓板以下的夾層，在柱間施以斜撐，增強了結構的剛度，再加上榫卯結構“柔性構造”的減震作用，使得它1000多年來經受了28次地震的考驗仍安然無恙，挺立至今。

It is the earliest existing wooden framework pavilion style structure in China, located in Jizhou District, Tianjin City. It is said that it was first built in the Tang Dynasty and was reconstructed in the 2nd year of Tonghe Era of the Liao Dynasty(984). It is a 23-meter three-story wooden framework pavilion, with a dark layer on the second floor and a single-eave gablet roof on the top. The plane of the pavilion is rectangular, 5 jians wide and 4 jians deep. The building features a internal courtyard from top to bottom in the center to accommodate a 16-meter-high statue of Guanyin, surrounded by two-story corridors, through which people can observe the statue in different views.

A great variety of dougong can be seen in the whole building. These dougong, arranged sparsely between the eaves, are strong and magnificent, supporting the load from top. The interlayer, which is located above the dougong of ground floor and below the floor slab of balcony, is placed with a tilt between the pillars to strengthen the stiffness of the structure. Also due to the shock-absorption effect of the “flexible structure” of the mortise and tenon, the building has withstood 28 earthquakes for more than 1,000 years. The architecture is still standing there, safe and sound.

3.晉祠圣母殿

Saint Mother’s Hall of the Jinci Temple

宋代建筑的代表作，建于北宋天圣年間（1023—1032年），崇寧元年（1102年）重修。大殿為重檐歇山頂，面闊7間，進深6間，殿高19米。屋頂覆蓋黃琉璃瓦綠剪邊，殿四周環繞回廊，前廊進深2間，極為寬敞。其構架采用了減柱處理，以廊柱和檐柱承托殿頂梁架，殿內不立一根柱子，從而擴大了殿內空間。大殿正面8根下檐柱上有木制雕龍纏繞，是《營造法式》中所記載的纏龍柱的現存孤例。整座建筑外形秀麗柔和，反映了北宋的建筑風格和審美意識。

As a masterpiece of the architecture of the Song Dynasty, it was built during Tiansheng Era of the Northern Song Dynasty (1023-1032) and rebuilt in the 1st year of Chongning Era (1102). The hall is 19 meters high, 7 jians wide and 6 jians deep. It has a double eaves gablet roof on the top, which is covered with yellow glazed tiles and green glazed cutting edge. Surrounding the hall, there is a corridor with the front extremely spacious entering the depth of two jians. The column reduction technology is adopted to support the top beam frame of the hall with the corridor columns and eaves columns, there being no pillars in the hall, which expands the space inside the hall. There are wooden dragon sculptures wrapped around the eight lower eaves column in front of the temple, which are the only existing example of the dragon column design recorded in Methods of Construction. The Saint Mother's Hall is graceful and soft, showing the architectural style and aesthetic consciousness of the Northern Song Dynasty.

4.永樂宮三清殿

The Sanqing Hall in the Yongle Palace

永樂宮為元代道觀建筑的典型，位于山西省芮城縣永樂鎮，相傳是道教祖師之一呂洞賓的故居。永樂宮建筑規模宏偉，現存的主要建筑有三大殿，包括三清殿、純陽殿、重陽殿。其中三清殿是永樂宮的主殿，面闊7間，進深4間，單檐廡殿頂。殿內減柱，僅用8根內柱。其形制獨特，立面各部分比例和諧，外觀柔和秀美，是元代建筑中的精品。

The Yongle Palace is a typical Taoist construction built in the Yuan Dynasty. It is located in Yongle Town, Ruicheng County, Shanxi Province. It is said that it is the home of Lü Dongbin, one of the Taoist ancestors. The Yongle Palace is a magnificent building. The Sanqing Hall, the Chunyang Hall and the Chongyang Hall are three main existing buildings, of which the Sanqing Hall is the main temple of the Yongle Palace. The Sangqing Hall is 7 jians wide and 4 jians deep, with a single-eave hip roof. With column reduction technology, there are only 8 inner columns inside the hall. With its unique form, harmonious proportion for all the parts of facades, soft and beautiful appearance, the Sanqing Hall reflects the superb architectural level of the Yuan Dynasty.

5.雍和宮牌樓

Decorated Gateway of the Yonghe Lama Temple

牌樓是中國古代建筑的一個特殊類別，屬于一種紀念性或標志性建筑，多建于宮苑、寺觀、陵墓、祠堂、衙署和街道路口等地方，具有表彰、紀念、裝飾、標識和導向等作用。

雍和宮是中國規格最高的佛教寺院之一，修建于清康熙三十三年（1694年），曾經為雍親王府，雍正三年（1725年）上院被改為行宮，稱“雍和宮”，乾隆九年（1744年）改作正式的藏傳佛教的寺廟。雍和宮門前有三座木結構牌樓，是乾隆皇帝為其母祝壽而建，牌樓造型優美典雅，氣勢莊重雄偉。

The decorated gate way is a special category of ancient Chinese architecture. As a memorial or landmark building, it was used in ancient China for recognition, commemoration, decoration, marking and guidance. It was mostly built in palaces, temples, tombs, ancestral halls, government offices, and street crossings.

The Yonghe Lama Temple is one of the highest level Buddhist monasteries in China. It was built in the 33th year of Emperor Kangxi’s reign of the Qing Dynasty(1694), and was the prince’s mansion at that time. In the 3rd year of Emperor Yongzheng’s reign (1725), it was changed into a traveling palace, called “Yonghe Palace”. In the 9th year of Emperor Qianlong’s reign (1744), it was officially changed into a Tibetan lama temple. There are three wooden decorated gateways in front of the Yonghe Lama Temple, which were built at the request of Emperor Qianlong for his mother’s birthday. These decorated gateways are elegant and magnificent.

6.紫禁城角樓

Turret of the Forbidden City

紫禁城角樓坐落在紫禁城城垣四角之上，是拱衛皇城的防御性建筑。角樓初建于明永樂十八年（1420年），高27.5米，平面呈曲尺形，結構為9梁18柱，屋頂有3層，由多個歇山式結構組成復合式屋頂，覆黃琉璃瓦，共72條屋脊。角樓各部分比例協調，檐角秀麗，造型玲瓏別致，翹起的檐角層層疊疊，蔚為壯觀，是中國古代建筑的杰作。

從紫禁城角樓的局部剖面模型中可以看到紫禁城角樓內部的榫卯結構。

The Forbidden City turrets are defensive buildings, located in the four corners of the wall of the Forbidden City. The construction of these turrets was started in the 18th year of Yongle Era of the Ming Dynasty (1420). A turret is a multi-angle building with a four-sided convex plane combination. It is 27.5 meters high, with 9 beams, 18 columns, 72 ridges and a complex three-story gablet roof covered by yellow glazed tiles. The design of the turrets is exquisite and well-proportioned, with various spectacular multi-level eave angles, making it a masterpiece of ancient Chinese architecture.

This model is a local profile model of the Forbidden City turret, from which we can see the mortise and tenon structure inside the turret.