第五講　形合與意合

一、形合與意合的定義

奈達在Translating Meaning（《譯意》）中指出，漢語和英語在語言學上最重要的區別就是形合與意合的明顯差別（contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis）。

所謂“形合”和“意合”的實際差別，在于修辭中的銜接手段的不同。對這個問題，胡曙中在《英漢比較修辭研究》中說得很清楚：“現代英語在語句銜接方式上來說多用形合法，即用連接詞語將句子銜接起來，而漢語既用形合法又用意合法，但重意合法。”請注意他表述中的“多用”，也就是說，他并沒有排除現代英語中有時也用意合法；現代漢語雖然“重意合法”，但也不是不用形合法，事實上是在廣泛地使用。

修辭上的形合和意合與思維方式有著密切的關系。中國人偏好形象思維（imagination），漢字就是形象思維的產物，而漢字的構造既體現了形象思維，又體現了邏輯思維。西方人偏好抽象思維（abstract thinking）和邏輯思維（logical thinking），其思維注重邏輯分析，所以他們的拼音文字中有表現各種邏輯關系的連接詞語，各部分的關系脈絡也顯得很清楚。

既然漢語求意合，英語求形合，我們在翻譯中就萬萬不可忽視這一點。而了解這一點，對我們將要討論的翻譯方法（尤其是對句子結構的調整、對增詞和減詞技巧的運用）是大有裨益的。

二、漢語重意合

在英語中，詞句之間的各種邏輯關系往往是用連詞、介詞等進行表達的。這些詞是形合的外顯形態標記。而在漢語中，詞句之間的各種邏輯關系往往是通過句子之間的內部邏輯關系來表達的，沒有明顯的形合標記。這便是漢語簡潔利落的原因，但這也給漢譯英帶來一些困難，有時需要看上下文才能判斷出確切的意思。張維為在《英漢同聲傳譯》一書中舉了個非常有意思的例子：“他不干，我干。”

這句話可以有四種理解：（1）假設關系：（如果）他不干，（那么）我（來）干；（2）因果關系：（因為）他不干，（所以）我（才）干；（3）轉折關系：他不干，（但是）我干；（4）讓步關系：（即使）他不干，我（也）干。翻譯時，只有根據上下文，甚至要根據說話的語氣和重音，才能對它的意思做出確切的判斷。

（一）漢語“流水句”

現代漢語話語各部分之間的聯系與使用者的思維模式有密切的關系，所以有時并不需要用一定的語法手段或其他語言手段來表現，而是靠層次之間的自然銜接。先請看從《今日江蘇出版業》中選出的這段文字：

江蘇省位于中國東部美麗富饒的長江三角洲，面積10萬多平方公里，人口6700多萬，自然條件優越，人文薈萃，經濟繁榮，文化發達，出版事業源遠流長，久負盛名，是中國的出版大省之一。

這段文字是個長句，包含許多短小的分句，從頭至尾，句子勢如流水，短句間的邏輯關系非常清楚。呂叔湘先生把這種“一個小句接一個小句，很多地方可斷可連”的句子稱為流水句。流水句是一種特殊的無關聯詞語復句，其特點之一就是語義聯系比較松散，但是它又不同于英語中的run-on sentence（連寫句）。

所謂連寫句，是一種語法不規范的英文句子，在該用句號、分號或者連接詞的地方用了逗號或者什么也沒有用，這往往可看作語法結構方面的小錯誤。如：“We will not hire him he does not seem responsible.”和“I had no cash when I went to buy gas, luckily I had my credit card.”。

上面那段介紹江蘇的文字基本可以按照原文的順序這樣來譯：

Jiangsu province lies in the rich and beautiful Yangtze River delta in the eastern part of China. It has an area of more than 100，000 square kilometres and a population of 67 million.Its natural environment is desirable, its economy prosperous, its culture highly developed, and it has a galaxy of cultural talents and elite.The publishing industry of the province has a long history and enjoys a very good reputation, and ranks among the biggest in the country.

從準確傳達信息的角度來看，上述譯文是忠于原文的，文字表達也比較規范，符合語法要求，但顯得比較松散，缺乏生氣。如果根據英語的表達習慣進行句子成分重組，就會得到如下的譯文，這樣就顯得比較活潑，也比較符合英語的形合要求：

Jiangsu, a province with an area of more than 100，000 square kilometres and a population of 67 million, lies in the rich and beautiful Yangtze River delta area in the eastern part of China. This province not only enjoys a desirable natural environment, but also boasts of a prosperous economy and a highly developed culture with a galaxy of talents.Jiangsu's publishing industry, whose history can be traced back to a long time ago, has a very good reputation and is among the biggest in the country.

（Publishing Industry of Jiangsu Province Today）

（二）其他無關聯詞復句

漢語中還有另一種無關聯詞語的復句，它與流水句的不同在于，它的句子中暗含著句段之間的語義聯系，但同樣充分體現了意合的特征。

請看《黃山四季》中的一段文字：

黃山地處嶺南山脈，雄峙于安徽南部，為中國十大風景名勝之一，素有人間仙境之美稱，其精華部分方圓154平方公里。不論萬物復蘇的春天，飛瀑點翠的夏日，分外妖嬈的秋色，玉砌冰雕的冬景，皆為天工之巧成，神奇而壯觀，尤以奇松、怪石、云海、溫泉“四絕”而稱著。

上文中“不論”后的四句結構大致平行，但與后文“皆為……”一句的邏輯關系并不密切。“秋色”與“冬景”可以是天工巧成，但春天和夏日都不是景色，如何是天工巧成呢？但是我們都可以明白其中的意思。請看下面的譯文是如何按照英語形合的要求進行結構改組的（畫線部分是句子的主干，粗體部分是結構上的處理）：

Towering in southern Anhui and forming part of the Lingnan Mountain Range,Mt. Huangshan, one of China's ten celebrated scenic spots, is known as the wonderland on earth, whose most attractive part covers an area of some 154 square kilometers.Mt.Huangshan's magnificent and fantastic natural scenery, especially its imposing pines, grotesque rocks, sea of clouds and hot springs, is mysterious and breath-taking, no matter whether it is in spring when everything comes to life, or in summer when the waterfalls cascade from the blue mountains, or in autumn when the mountains are tinged with gold and red, or in the winter season when they are sealed with ice and snow.

（The Four Seasons at Mt. Huangshan）

再看下面劉心武《鐘鼓樓》中選出的例子：

杏兒躺下了。沙發床太軟，她覺得不舒服。茍大媽在枕頭上灑了花露水，她聞了也不習慣。她自己也說不出是什么，進京的興奮感突然消失了。

在翻譯成英語之后，文中加上了because, which和but以表示關聯：

Xing'er lay down. She felt uncomfortable, because the sofa-bed was far too soft.And she was not used to the smell of the perfume on the pillow case which Mrs Gou had earlier sprayed.She could not tell why, but the excitement of having come to the capital was suddenly gone.

（Bell-and-Drum Tower）

漢語中有些段落中短句較多或結構上不太緊湊，在翻譯的時候，可以按照英語重意合的要求來譯，看下面的例子：

中國是國際大家庭的一員。中國離不開世界。中國的改革開放和現代化建設，需要一個長期的國際和平環境，需要同各國發展友好合作關系。世界也需要中國。世界的和平與發展，需要中國的穩定和繁榮……如果占世界人口將近四分之一的中國不發展，長期貧困落后下去，那就會給亞太地區乃至世界的和平與穩定帶來嚴重影響。

我們可以按照句子現在的結構與順序來翻譯：

China is a member of the international community. China cannot stay away form from the rest of the world.China's reform, opening-up and modernization require a long and peaceful international environment and friendly cooperative relations with other countries.The world needs China.Peace and development of the world requires a stable and prosperous China……If China, a country with a quarter of the worlds population, remains underdeveloped, poor and backward, peace and stability of the Asia-Pacific region, and even of the world, will be seriously affected.

這樣的譯文雖說基本做到了信、達，但終究算不上雅。如果能用形合法來處理這段譯文，譯出來的效果就不大一樣了：

As a member of the international community, China cannot stand separate from the rest of the world, and its reform, opening-up and modernization drive all call for an international environment of lasting peace and strong relations of friendship and co-operation with other countries, whereas the world, likewise, needs China too, as a peaceful and prosperous world requires a stable and prosperous China……If China, a country with a quarter of the world's population, remains underdeveloped in prolonged poverty and backwardness, peace and stability of the Asia-Pacific region and of the world at large will certainly be seriously affected.

（三）形合與意合兼有的句子

當然，漢語雖然重意合，但也不乏形合句。下面一段文字選自《蘇州桃花塢木版年畫》，其中的空間邏輯關系就是通過一些表示空間概念的詞語體現的：

端陽喜慶

農歷五月初五為“端陽節”（亦稱“端午”“端五”），為中國傳統節日，相傳是為紀念戰國時代的詩人屈原。這一天有吃粽子、賽龍舟等風俗。

圖中遠近兩龍舟作競渡之狀，裝飾華麗，乾坤八卦旗飄揚；船頭立招財、利市二神，舟尾插“順風大吉”旗，旗前站風神和足踩祥云的和合二仙；舟頂一少年高舉“日進斗金”旗，仿佛在指揮槳手齊力奮進。畫面熱鬧壯觀，并體現了祈吉祥、求財旺的愿望。

這是在介紹一張端午節賽龍舟的年畫，文中用以表示各種關系的詞不多，但其中的邏輯關系一目了然，畫面上的空間邏輯關系也非常清楚。請看譯文中用了哪些表示關系的詞語，句子的結構又是如何調整的，同時注意解釋性翻譯手法的運用：

Dragon Boat Festival

The traditional Chinese Dragon Boat Festival falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, a festival with the custom of eating glutinous rice dumplings and holding dragon boat races which is said to honor and commemorate Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet who lived in the period of the Warring States.

In the picture two beautifully decorated dragon boats are competing, with banners of the Taoist Eight Diagrams fluttering in the wind. At the prow of the first boat stand the two celestial gods of wealth“Zhao Cai”and“Li Shi”，which mean“Inexhaustible Earnings”and“Profitable Markets”respectively in Chinese, while at the stern is a banner with words reading“Plain Sailing and Good Luck”.Under the banner stands the God of Wind, with the two gods, Peace and Harmony, riding on clouds nearby.Waving a“Big Money Made Daily”flag on top of the boat is a boy, who seems to be giving orders for the oarsmen to strive for the first place.This print, full of jubilance and excitement, symbolizes a propitious and prosperous year.

（Taohuawu Wood-block New Year Prints, Suzhou）

三、英語重形合

進行漢英互譯時，要注意漢語的意合與英語的形合之間的轉化問題。從語法上來看，英文句子的謂語必然是由限定動詞擔任的，而且在人稱和數上與主語保持一致。在句子中出現的其他動詞，一定是以非謂語動詞的形式（不定式、分詞、動名詞）出現。有人說，理解和把握英語句子，只要抓住謂語動詞，就抓住了全句的靈魂，此言不謬。

（一）譯文向漢語的意合方向轉化

注意下面這段英文（選自Dictionary of Modern Culture）中的粗體詞，看它們在謀求形合時所起的銜接作用：

Eisenstein was born into the family of a city architect in Riga, and spent his childhood there and in St. Petersburg before studying architecture and engineering at the Petrograd School of Public Works.In 1918 he enlisted in the Red Army, where he produced posters and theatre designs.After the Civil War, he moved to Moscow to study Japanese, but was diverted into the theatre after a chance encounter with a childhood friend, Maxim Strach.It was in his theatrical work between 1920 and 1924 that Eisenstein was exposed to a range of Modernist experiments in dramaturgy that were to lead him in the direction of the cinema.

請看下面的譯文（根據《現代世界文化詞典》的相關詞條進行了修改）是如何采用意合來銜接的，注意其行文中的流水句：

愛森斯坦出生于里加一個城市建筑師家庭，在里加和圣彼得堡度過童年，后在彼得格勒建筑工程學院攻讀土木工程，1918年參加紅軍，從事宣傳畫與舞臺美術設計，內戰結束后去莫斯科學習日語，后因與兒時的朋友邂逅而轉向戲劇，1920至1924年間從事戲劇工作，接觸到戲劇創作中一系列現代派實驗，從而走上電影工作的道路。

這段譯文比較符合漢語求意合的特點。它很像是履歷表上的簡介，原文中的三個獨立句子在譯文中成了大流水句，全句中只有一個主語，原文中的一個從句，一個強勢句，都消失在這個大流水句中了，只是在最后一句話前用了個“從而”，但整個句子讀起來依然很順，像是一氣呵成，并沒有造成任何歧義。

再看小說Alibi（《不在犯罪現場》）中的一個句子：

The pavilion was round in shape, about thirty yards in diameter. Although it was an open-air structure with a conical roof, the underside of which was strung with clear Christmas lights, the pitched ceiling trapped the noise inside, making the din incredible.

譯文如下：

那大涼棚呈圓形，直徑大約三十碼，上面有個圓錐狀頂棚，四面沒有遮攔，頂棚下掛著一串串五光十色的圣誕彩燈，錐形頂棚將聲音罩在里面，產生了震耳欲聾的音響效果。

（二）譯文繼續保留原文的銜接詞語

在很多情況下，漢語譯文中可以保留英文原文中的銜接詞語，因為它們同樣符合漢語的邏輯思維。請看下面這段英文：

The point that I am anxious to make is that the search for model of this kind, the study of their behaviour and of the relationship of this behaviour to the real situations which they seek to represent, and the consequential modification of them so as to lead to reliable prediction and then to decision-making, would not be possible were it not for the assistance afforded to the investigator by the digital computer and by the work of the technologists who have successfully transformed the scientific idea on which it is founded into stable, reliable and economic pieces of electrical equipment.

譯文如下：

我特別想強調的一點是，假如沒有數字計算機的幫助，假如沒有技術員把制造數字計算機的科學原理成功地轉變成穩定、可靠、實用的電氣設備，那么探索這種模型、研究其性能以及這種性能與它們試圖模擬的實際情況之間的關系，從而加以改進，以達到可靠的預測，并做出決策等，都是不可能的。

有時可以根據原文中的語法結構，增添適當的詞語。請看下面的例子：

Working on the principle that a first, an only or an unusual skill do not necessarily make a record, Guinness editors spend much of their time checking and analyzing data.

譯文如下：

《吉尼斯》的編撰者們要花大量時間對各種數據進行驗證和分析，因為他們的編寫原則是，某項第一、某種唯一或某種絕技未必就能成為一項記錄。

下面是介紹有關王安石的一篇文章的最后一段：

歷史的煙海不會湮沒前賢稱頌于世的風采，一代政治家、文學家、詩人王安石，留存在世代相傳的從宰相到平民的佳話中。

下面的譯文采用了符合形合的譯法，以幾個同位賓語，較好地表達了上文的意思，而對“歷史的煙海不會湮沒前賢稱頌于世的風采”中的個別詞語則進行必要的省略，進行了意譯：

History will never forget the elegance of Wang Anshi, the great statesman, man of the letters, and poet, and the many stories handed down from generation to generation still telling about his life as a prime minister and as an ordinary man.

（三）弄清結構關系，在譯文上進行大膽變通

形合與意合在翻譯中起著一根無形杠桿的作用。但有時僅僅考慮形合和意合還不足以解決問題。這時就要考慮進行更大膽的變通，對句子結構進行重組。其實這一點在本講一開始所使用的例句中已經有所體現。“等效翻譯”是我們進行這種重組的理論根據。這是否可以看成是更大意義上的“意合”呢？請看下面的例子：

例1　The international currency markets the Nikkei and the Nasdaq never close.This is liquid-crystal globalism, virtual, instantaneous, and networked.

譯文：日經和納斯達克這樣的國際貨幣市場永遠不會關閉。這是液晶化、虛擬化、瞬時化和網絡化了的全球化。

分析：第二句中liquid-crystal globalism的意思是液晶顯示的全球化，后面相當于which is virtual, instantaneous, and networked。翻譯時進行適當調整，譯文就會比較符合漢語的習慣。

例2　Extracting pure water from the salt solution can be done in a number of ways.One is done by distillation, which involves heating the solution until the water evaporates, and then condensing the vapor.Extracting can also be done by partially freezing the salt solution.When this is done, the water freezes first, leaving the salts in the remaining unfrozen solution.

譯文：從鹽水中提取純水有若干種方法。一種是加熱蒸餾法，另一種是局部冷凍法。前者是將鹽水加熱，使水分蒸發，然后再使蒸汽冷凝成水。后者是使鹽水部分冷凍，這時先行冷凍的是水，鹽則留在未曾冷凍的液體中。

分析：翻譯時打破了原文中非限定性定語從句、狀語從句的格局，甚至打破了被動語態的結構，對原文順序進行大膽的調整。

例3　再請看Closing Time中的一個有116個詞的長句，注意其中的粗體詞在形合中所起的銜接作用：

Early every weekday morning, all of the fathers on the block, and all of the brothers and sisters already out of school, would begin materializing soundlessly from their buildings and turn toward the stop of the Norton's Point trolley cars on Railroad Avenue that would take them to the elevated Stillwell Avenue terminus of the four separate subway lines, following different routes, that ended in Coney Island, to the subway cars that would then transport them into the city to their various places of work or, as with me when I was just seventeen and a half with my high school diploma, to the succession of employment agencies in Manhattan in timorous search of a job.

譯文：除周末之外，每天一早我們這個街區的所有父親們，還有那些已經走出學門的哥哥姐姐們，都開始無聲無息地離開家門，走到鐵路大街上的諾頓點電車站，乘車到坐落在斯蒂爾威爾大街上的科尼艾蘭高架地鐵起點站，換乘四條不同的地鐵線，到城里的不同的地點去上班，而當時已拿到中學畢業文憑、才17歲半的我也已壯著膽子到曼哈頓一家又一家職業介紹所去找工作了。

分析：對這樣的句子，一定要從語法關系上把它弄清。這個句子中有三個定語從句，一個時間狀語從句，還有由四個to表示的方向狀語從句。

trolley cars……that would take them to……把他們帶到……去的電車

subway lines……that ended in……以……為終點的地鐵線路

……following different routes……to……循不同線路……前往……

subway cars that would transport them to……把他們帶往……去的地鐵

（sub way cars that would transport me）to……把我帶到……（去的地鐵）

when I was just……當時我才……

明白這幾個關系之后，進行句子的重組就不太難了。這段譯文中使用了兩個主語，一個是“父親們”和“哥哥姐姐們”，一個是“我”，從結構和表達方式上進行了大膽的變通。像這樣一段文字的翻譯是不可能一蹴而就的，要先譯出一個初稿，然后才能在不違背原文意思的情況下進行必要的變通。

例4　再看一個選自小說China Lake的結構略為復雜的長句。在中譯本《“響尾蛇”疑云》中，該文段的鏈接詞都不見了：

Of course, this was a way of including Tannis as well, of keeping him on side, and by way of reward, he was then given an informal briefing on events-so-far during which he was told that the FBI's legal attache in Bonn—known in their jargon as a Legat—had established that Buhler's identity was apparently genuine and that he'd legally crossed into West Berlin about six months previously.

譯文：當然，這種方法可以把坦尼斯拉進來，把他看成自己人，給他點優待，非正式地向他簡單通報案件進展情況，告訴他聯調局駐波恩法律事務代表——他們的行話叫法律專員——已證實布勒的身份看來是真的，而且是六個月前合法進入西柏林的。

例5　在小說Devil May Care（《007歸來》）中，有這樣一個句子：

The caviar was brought in a casket, whose lid was taken off to reveal an inner glass bowl set on ice.

譯文：魚子醬是用一個箱式容器端上來的，蓋子打開之后，里面有一只放在冰上的玻璃碗。

分析：主句的被動結構在譯文中變成了“是……的”結構，定語從句中的被動語態在譯文中變成了主動結構，譯文整體上采用了漢語中的流水句形式，非常符合漢語求意合的特點。

例6　下面這句話是余秋雨寫的：

不多久，牛就放開了腳步。大家在關口目送著，走了兩三丈遠，還辨得出白發、黃袍、青牛、白口袋，接著就塵頭逐步而起，罩著人和牛，一律變成灰色，再一會，已只有黃塵滾滾，什么也看不見了。

譯文：In an instant, the ox began to take big strides.The people who came to see him off stopped at the gate.When he was two to three zhang away, his white hair, yellow robe, the black ox and the white bag were still visible.But soon, rising dust gradually enveloped him and his ox and turned them into grey figures.What they saw next was mere dust, nothing of them could be seen any more.

分析：中文句子從意合的角度看是很好理解的，可是要把它翻譯成英語，就不得不考慮形合的問題了。譯文中的粗體部分就是為形合而增加的。

四、切勿“當局者迷”

在翻譯中運用形合和意合的方法不是紙上談兵就可以奏效的。有時說得頭頭是道，做起來卻會“當局者迷”了。一個最有意思的例子是陸樹鑒在《實用英漢翻譯技巧》中舉出的，上海外語教育出版社出版的《英漢翻譯教程》論述英漢兩種語言在句法現象的對比一章中，出現了兩個例句：

例1　As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.

譯文：由于天氣很好，我們決定去爬山。

例2　He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.

譯文：因為他病了，昨天他不得不待在家里。

陸先生指出，按照漢語的意合法表現形式，最好把“由于”和“因為”分別從兩句譯文中刪除，把譯文改為“天氣很好，我們決定去爬山”和“昨天他病了，只好待在家里”。

這兩個例子可以說明，只有理論不行，一定要有實踐。只有實踐才能檢驗你是否真懂真會。在此，我們不妨舉例說明，談談在英譯漢時如何向形合的要求靠攏的問題。這就涉及要添加必要的連接詞語的問題：

She was an attractive young woman, he thought, though not so very young—thirty-seven or eight. A well-rounded figure, dark hair and eyes, a general air of vitality and good health.She gave the impression of being both competent and intelligent.（Ordeal by Innocence）

譯文：她曾經是個風姿綽約的女人，他心里思忖，雖然現在已經不那么年輕——大概三十七八歲，但依然體態豐盈，黑色的秀發和黑色的眼睛，周身上下充滿活力，體魄健康，給人以聰明、干練的印象。（《無妄之災》）

（1）下列例句后括號中的文字是機械的、字對字的翻譯，沒有從漢語意合的要求來考慮文字的處理，所以譯文顯得累贅。

例1　Think carefully before you answer his question.

先仔細考慮，再回答他的問題。

（在你回答他的問題之前仔細考慮。）

例2　Be careful while crossing the street.

過馬路要當心。

（在過馬路的時候要當心。）

例3　His car broke down when he was only half way home.

他在回家途中車拋了錨。

（當他才走到一半路程的時候，他的車子拋了錨。）

例4　Eczema may be found in all age groups and in both sexes.

男女老少都可能患濕疹。

（在所有年齡組和兩性中都發現有濕疹。）

例5　The rain was so heavy that when we got home we were literally wet

through.

雨太大，等回到家里，我們全身都濕透了。

（雨下得如此之大，以致等我們到家的時候，我們全身實際上都濕透了。）

例6　Einstein's theory of relativity is so abstruse that very few people can appreciate it.

愛因斯坦的相對論非常深奧，沒有多少人懂。

（愛因斯坦的相對論是如此深奧以致很少有人能理解。）

例7　The car sped passed before I could see clearly who was inside.

我還沒看清車里坐的是誰，它就一下開過去了。

（在我能看清誰在車里之前，車就很快開過去了。）

例8　He didn't come home that night until 11.

那天晚上11點鐘他才回來。

（那天晚上他沒有回來，直到11點才到家。）

從上面所給的例句中，我們能學到什么呢？在翻譯這些句子的時候，我們要不要把那些粗體詞運用在我們的譯文之中呢？

（2）英語雖然重形合，但也不乏意合句。

例1　You sweep the floor and I'll clean the windows.

你（如果）掃地，我就擦窗戶。

例2　Cease to struggle and you cease to live.

（一旦）停止奮斗，生命也就停止了。

例3　The pursuit of science withdraws his interest from external things.

潛心科學研究，轉移了他對外界事物的關注。

例4　Light burdens borne far, become heavy.

遠路無輕擔。

例5　The weather was overcast, visibility five miles, a fine day to dive beneath the ice.

天氣陰沉，能見度5海里，非常適合冰下潛航。

例6　Hands locked behind his back, Sorokin paced along the line of sailors.

索羅金把手背在身后，在列隊的水兵前面慢慢走過。

在例6中，Hands locked behind his back是名詞獨立結構，相當于with his hands behind his back。

（3）有些英語諺語就是非常好的意合句。請試譯下面的句子：

Out of sight, out of mind.

First come, first served.

Forewarned is forearmed.

Give a dog a bad name and hang it.

Like father, like son.

Love me, love my dog.

More haste, less speed.

Nothing venture, nothing have.

No pains, no gains.

Waste not, want not.

本講結束語：這里要重申的是，形合與意合無所謂孰優孰劣，譯文好壞要以是否通順達意為標準。但要記住，英語重形合，漢語重意合。漢譯英能做到形合固然好，但不能為形合而形合。英譯漢如不能做到意合也不要緊，只要達意通順就行。

翻譯練習

1.請看《紅樓夢》中的一個流水句：

紫鵑答應著，忙出來換了一個痰盂兒，將手里的這個盆兒放在桌子上，開了套間門出來，仍舊帶上門，放下撒花軟簾，出來叫醒雪雁。

試比較下面兩段譯文（陸樹鑒：《實用英漢翻譯技巧》），然后從形合和意合的角度指出其優劣：

譯文1：Zijuan was answering and hurried out to change a spittoon and put the spittoon in her hand on the table and opened the door of inner-room to go out, still closed it, let down the flowered portiere and go to wake Xueyan.

譯文2：Zijuan, assenting, hurried out to fetch a clean spittoon, placing the used one on the table in the outer room.Having closed the door behind her, she let down the sort flowered portiere before going to wake Xueyan.

2.試譯下面這段雨花臺革命烈士展覽館中的解說文字，然后對照參考答案，看能否達到英語中形合的要求：

《文萃》雜志是1945年10月在國統區上海出版的進步刊物。因深刻揭露國民黨反動統治的種種罪惡，熱情謳歌群眾的愛國民主運動被查封，由公開出版轉為秘密出版。1947年7月，《文萃》主編陳子濤，負責印刷出版的駱何民，負責發行的經理吳承德，先后被捕。《文萃》被迫停刊。

3.下面這段介紹中國長城的文字選自英文版《讀者文摘》（Reader's Digest），其中使用了許多英語的動詞非謂語形式。你是否能按照漢語注重意合的要求，把文字譯得活潑一些：

The Great Wall of China, stretching from the Pacific Ocean to the Gobi Desert, is one of man's most amazing engineering feats. It snakes, loops and doubles back on itself, meandering across plains and valleys, scaling mountains, plunging into deep gorges and leaping raging rivers, for 3，700 miles.If straightened out it would span the United States from New York to San Francisco, and back to Salt Lake City……Still standing are many of the 25，000 towers，40 feet high, that sheltered troops.In the Wall's heyday, an army of perhaps a million men were stationed in those towers to guard this mighty wall.Relaying smoke signals by day and flares by night from one watch-tower to another, the soldiers could transmit a message across the empire in 24 hours.

4.下面這段文字并不難理解，可是在翻譯中如何想象作者描述的情景，如何用符合漢語的習慣來言傳，的確不是一件容易的事情：

Later in the evening Gemma slipped out on to the terrace under the drawing-room windows to sit alone for a few moments among the great camellias and oleanders. The close air and continually shifting crowd in the rooms were beginning to give her a headache.At the further end of the terrace stood a row of palms and tree-ferns, planted in large tubs which were hidden by a bank of lilies and other flowering plants.The whole formed a complete screen, behind which was a little nook commanding a beautiful view out across the valley.The branches of a pomegranate tree, clustered with late blossoms, hung beside the narrow opening between the plants.

（The Gadfly）