(4)語句的擴大
照第二講所述,語句的構成有四種句式,最簡單的就是“主語 + 謂語”,例如 Birds sing. 但英文中畢竟很少見到這樣簡單的句子。為什么少呢?因為句式盡管簡單得只有一個主語和一個謂語,但文字絕不限于兩個字。我們可以在那主語和謂語上,加添許多修飾語(Modifier),那句子自然就變長了。例如上舉的“Birds sing.”這個句子,我們就可以說“Little birds sing sweetly”,又可以說“The little birds in my garden sing sweetly every morning”,諸如此類,盡可以拉長,但在句式上看來,它還是“主語 + 謂語”的一個簡單句子。
一個句子比方作人體的話,其中的主語就是人體的頭。這頭上可以插花,可以戴帽,可以御眼鏡,可以戴耳環,這些裝飾在頭上的東西,就通稱為裝飾品,在句子的主語上,就叫作修飾語。修飾語是限定那個主語等的意義的,可大別為名詞修飾語和動詞修飾語兩類。名詞修飾語是形容詞,而動詞修飾語就是副詞。修飾語放在那主詞的前面或是后面的時候,就稱為附加的用法(Attributive Use),作為動詞的補足語時,就叫作敘述的用法(Predicative Use)。現在分別舉例說明一下。
Ⅰ. 形容詞的“附加的用法”和“敘述的用法”:
(a)附加的用法:A heavy shower fell today.
I see something white in the distance.
(b)敘述的用法:This rose smells sweet.
Happy is the man who is contented.
Ⅱ. 副詞的“附加的用法”和“敘述的用法”:
(a)附加的用法:I missed the last up train last night.
I met him on my way back.
(b)敘述的用法:The stars are out.
Off the train goes.
形容詞的修飾語用來修飾主語,而副詞的修飾語就用來修飾謂語。主要的主語修飾語(Subject Modifier),有下列四種:
①A national flag is the symbol of a country.(以 Adjective 為修飾語。)
②The best way to learn English is learning by heart.(以 Adjective Infinitive 為修飾語。)
③The book on the desk is not mine.(以 Adjective Phrase 為修飾語。)
④The house which he lives in is at the top of the hill.(以 Adjective Clause 為修飾語。)
句中的賓語和補語,如果是名詞的話,也同樣地可以加上述的四種修飾語,例如:
I know the best way to learn English.(賓語修飾語。)
This is the best way to learn English.(補語修飾語。)
主語修飾語除上述的以外,還可以用同位語(Appositive),例如:
My friend,Wang,is very honest.(同位單詞。)
Chang,the moniter of our class,is a star football player.(同位短語。)
My wish,that she would come to the party,was gratified.(同位分句。)
主要的謂語修飾語(Predicate Modifier),同樣地也有四種,即:
①He speaks English fluently.(以 Adverb 為修飾語。)
②He goes to see his mother.(以 Adverb Infinitive 為修飾語。)
③I usually study in my study.(以 Adverb Phrase 為修飾語。)
④I will wait till he comes.(以 Adverb Clause 為修飾語。)
在副詞上還可以再加副詞短語來修飾,以補充其意義,而擴大其語句。例如“He is out in the garden. ”。