（33）連詞和感嘆詞

（一）連詞

1. 連詞的種類：

連詞是用以連接語句中的兩個部分的，如單詞和單詞，短語和短語，分句和分句等，要把它們連接起來就得用連詞。連詞有兩種：一為并列連詞（Coordinate Conjunction），一為從屬連詞（Subordinate Conjunction）。并列連詞是用以連接同等關(guān)系的字句的，而從屬連詞所連接的，便有主從之分，即一為主句，一為從句。這里所謂從句，即是名詞從句，形容詞從句，或是副詞從句，在復(fù)句中，處于從屬地位。茲各舉幾個實例如下：

a. A woman and a melon are hard to choose.

b. Do you go by land or by sea？

c. Speech is great，but silence is greater.

以上句中的 and、or、but 為并列連詞。

d. That we shall win is certain.（名詞從句）

e. People who live in glass house should never throw stones.（形容詞從句）

f. Let us be silent that we may hear the whispers of the gods.（副詞從句）

以上句中的 that、who 為從屬連詞。

2. 并列連詞的用法：

（a）表結(jié)合的連詞：

and	Fifty houses were entirely destroyed and ten were partly destroyed.
and... also	He is guilty，and you also.
both... and	He is both proud and poor.
as well as	He is not only merely proud，but also likewise poor.
as well as	He is poor as well as proud.

〔說明〕單是把兩個詞句結(jié)合攏來，可用 and；要加強雙方的意思，就用 both...and；至于用 not only...but also 來連接時，就是后者的意思比前者更強；用 as well as 時便要反轉(zhuǎn)來說，因后者的意思是弱于前者的。

比較:	not only A but also B. B as well as A.

He is not only a knave，but a fool. = He is a fool as well as a knave.

（b）表反對的連詞：

but	Please call the servant. Yes，but she went early to the station.
and yet	He made great efforts，and yet he failed to gain his end.
still	He was unsuccessful；still he did not lose heart.
nevertheless	All men were against him；nevertheless he persevered.
indeed... but	He recovered indeed，but his health has never been so good since.
it is true... but	It is true he is old，but he is still strong.

（c）表推論的連詞：

therefore	A is equal to B，which is in turn equal to C. Therefore A is equal to C.
so	It was raining，so I could not go out.

〔說明〕therefore 用于證明議論等場合，至于日常單純的事柄就用 so。

（d）表選擇的連詞：

either... or	Either you or I must be out of our senses.
neither... nor	Neither he nor they are mistaken.

3. 從屬連詞的用法：

（a）表時間的連詞：

when	When the cat is away，the mice will play.
while	Make hay while the sun shines.
as	Just as I got to the station，the whistle was heard.

〔說明〕when 可用于過去、現(xiàn)在、未來的任何時候，while 表示繼續(xù)的意思，as 用以表時，有“同時”之意。

比較:	1. Every one listens when he speaks. 2. I was just going to explain，when the bell rang.

〔說明〕（1）句中的 when 為“從屬連詞”，（2）句中的 when，其前有逗號時為 and then 之意，所以是“并列連詞”。

as soon as	As soon as it was light enough in the morning to see，he was up and reading.
scarcely...when	I had scarcely hardly finished my work when before a friend of mine called on me.
no sooner... than	No sooner had we started for the excursion than it began to rain.

〔說明〕以上三者全是“隨即”的意思，as soon as 的動詞前后皆可用 Past；其他二者就是前用 Past Perfect，后用 Past。

as long as	I will take care of you as long as I live.
so long as	So long as a youth has true respect，vice has little attraction for him.

（b）表條件的連詞：

if	If you are hungry，I will give you something to eat.
unless	Unless you read it again you will not understand it.
in case	I will leave a note in case he is absent.
so that	You may go there so that（if only）you come back in time.
provided	I will pardon him provided he acknowledge his fault.

（c）表地點的連詞：

where

Where there is smoke，there is fire.

（d）表方法的連詞：

as	Do not act as he did.
as if	I felt as if I were going to die.

（e）表程度的連詞：

as far as	As far as the eye can react，nothing is to be seen but sand.
as much as	It is as much as he can do to keep out of debt.
the more... the more	The higher the steed，the greater the fall.

（f）表原因的連詞：

because	He has been promoted because he is able and industrious.
for	He must have passed this way，for here are his footprints.
since	Since it has come to that，there is no help for it.
as	As prices are going up daily，poor people are in great distress.
now that	Now that you have finished your work，you may go.

〔說明〕because 表直接的原因；for 表推論；since 表自然的推論，可譯作“既然……就”；as 多用于口語，意較 because，since 為弱。又 since，as 常置于句首，now that 與 since 用法相同。

（g）表結(jié)果的連詞：

such...that	He was in such a condition that we all felt anxious about him. His eloquence was such that we could not but be moved.
so...that	He was so kind that he was loved by all. Laziness travels so slowly that poverty soon overtakes it.
so that	A great part of Belgium is flat，so that the country is not particularly pretty.

〔說明〕such...that 和 so...that 同義，不過在 such 后接名詞（有時可略去），在 so 后接形容詞或副詞。

（h）表讓步的連詞：

though	Though love cannot plant morals in the human breast，it cultivates them when there.
even if	Even if he has never been abroad，he speaks good English.
however	However hard you may try，you will not be able to solve this question in a day or two.
as	Old as he is，he is very active.

〔說明〕as 用作 though 之意時，其前可接（1）Noun（無冠詞的），或（2）Adjective 或（3）Adverb，或（4）Past Participle；后接 Subject 及 Verb，例如：

（1）Hero as he was，he was surprised at the news.（Noun）

（2）Important as sugar is as an article of food，we cannot live upon it.（Adjective）

（3）Much as I want to do so，father will not allow me to do so.（Adverb）

（4）Surrounded as he was by the enemy，he was not afraid.（Past Participle）

whether... or not Students must study，whether they like it or not.

（i）表目的的連詞：

that... may	We usually praise only that we may be praised.
so that... may	We sent for him at once so that we might talk it over with him.
in order that	He labors day and night in order that he may become rich.
lest	The old man walks with a cane，lest he should stumble.

（j）表其他的連詞：

（1）as... as 用于不同的二物或二人所有的相同的程度時，否定時用 not so...as。

The ice was as smooth as glass.

She is not so beautiful as her sister.

（2）as... as any，as... as ever，the Superlative... that ever 三者全是表最高級。

He can ride on horseback as well as any man in the country.

You see in him as complete a villain as ever disgraced humanity.

He is the worst boy that I have ever seen.

（3）as...，so

As the human body is nourished by the food，so is a nation nourished by its industries.

（4）as far as（表范圍），so far as（表限制或條件）

As far as he could see was a turbulent flood.

I will go with you as far as London.

So far as I know，there is no such word in English.

Progress has been very slow indeed，so far as the social life of the people is concerned.

（5）not so much... as（與 rather than 相同，但順序不同，如 not so much A as B = rather B than A）

A man’s worth lies not so much in what he has as in what he is.

（6）no matter how（或 who 或 whether）may

Those who have achieved good results kept on trying，no matter how great the obstacles.

I shall always obey your order，no matter what it may be.

You should go to the country for a change，no matter where.

（二）感嘆詞

感嘆詞是表示強烈感情的叫聲的。用在語句之前，與語句全無語法上的關(guān)系。有時又可插入語句當(dāng)中任何一部分。

表喜悅的：Hurrah！Huzza！

表笑聲的：Ha！ha！Aha！

表悲哀的：Alas！Ah！Oh！

表驚訝的：Oh！Ah！Hah！What！Why！Dear me！Oh dear！Good Heavens！Lo！Behold！

表贊賞的：Bravo！Well done！Good！Nice！Excellent！

表輕蔑的：Pooh！Pshaw！Tut-tut！Fie！For shame！

表注意的：Look！Hark！Look here！

表呼喚的：Ho！Hallow！Hullo！Hello！Ahoy！Hey！

表贊成的：Hear！hear！

表歡迎的：Welcome！

表道別的：Good-bye！Farewell！Adieu！

表擬聲的：Bang！Bow-wow！Mew！