（17）關系代詞

關系代詞不僅是用以代理其先行的名詞，而且要拿來連接前后兩個語句，所以它是“代詞而兼連詞”的。比方“This is a bird. ”和“I caught it（= the bird）. ”兩句，用連詞 and 連接起來，便成為“This is a bird，and I caught it. ”再進一步可使這兩句更密切地結合攏來，就是將句中的代詞（it）及連詞（and）換用一個關系代詞的 that。即：“This is the bird that（= and it）I caught. ”。

（注）因為這時的 bird 已受到 that 以下字句的限制，所以要將冠詞 a 改為 the。

1. 關系代詞及其先行詞（Antecedent）

上例中的 bird 一詞便是關系代詞 that 的先行詞，因為那是它所代理的其先行的名詞。關系代詞在“人稱”及“數”上，一定要和它的先行詞一致，例如：

I，who am a poor man，cannot do such a thing.

You，who are a rich man，may do anything you like.

Heaven helps those who help themselves.

Heaven helps him who helps himself.

句中的 who 為關系代詞，隨其先行詞而變換它的人稱和數。

先行詞不一定是一個單詞，它有時也可能是一個短語，或一個分句，例如：

He tried to win the prize，which，however，was found impossible.（短語）

We missed the train，which prevented us from reaching there in time.（分句）

2. 關系代詞的格（Case）

用途	格
	主格	所有格	賓格
（人）	who	whose	whom
（物）	which	（whose）of which	which

That is the man who teaches me English.（主格）

That is the man whose son I teach.（所有格）

That is the man whom I teach.（賓格）

（注意）用于人的關系代詞，主格、所有格、賓格各有一詞，一見分明，不至弄錯，但用于物的關系代詞是 which（有時 that），詞的本身無變化，初學者也許在句中就不容易看出它的格來了。須知決定它的格的，不在它前面的詞，而在它后面的詞，例如：“Success will come to him who is always honest and diligent. ”一句中的 who 的格，和它前面那賓格的 him 沒有關系，而只是后面 is 的主格罷了。還有一點要注意的，就是關系代詞若系主格時，后面便直接接上動詞；如系賓格時，后面的動詞前就得另外加上一個主語。

3. 關系代詞的用法

（a）who 的先行詞是人。

This is a man who will never tell a lie.（主格）

Those whom the gods love die young.（賓格）

A man whose husband is dead is called a widow.（所有格）

（b）which 的先行詞是物。

That is the house which belongs to him.（主格）

That is the house which he brought last year.（賓格）

That is the house the roof of which we saw from beyond the river.（所有格）

（注意）先行詞為短語或從句時，關系代詞要用 which，例見前。

（c）that 的先行詞是人或物，可代替 who、whom、which 用，但不能用于所有格。

He is the American that（= who）teaches us English.（主格）

The man that（= whom）I met just now is my uncle.（賓格）

The book that（= which）has a red cover is mine.（主格）

This is the knife that（= which）I lost yesterday.（賓格）

（注意）that 不可接用介詞。

誤：The house in that he lives is not his own.

正：The house that he lives in is not his own.

正：The house in which he lives is not his own.

（d）that 的特殊用法。

① 先行詞的形容詞為最高級的場合：

He is the best tennis player that I know.

② 在疑問詞 who 之后：

Who is the man that is speaking there？

③ 先行詞既是人又是物的場合：

He sketched a driver and his cows that were passing over the bridge.

④ 在 the only、the same、the very 等之后：

He is the only man that can be trusted.

This is the very man that I wanted to see.

This is the same watch that I lost yesterday.

⑤ 在 indefinite pronouns 之后：

All that glitters is not gold.

No thing that he does is badly done.

Energy will do anything that can be done in the world.

I have something that I wish to tell you.

There is little that remains to be said.

⑥ 在數字之后：

He is the third person that has found out the secret.

⑦ 在 emphatic use 的 it is...that 的場合：

It is not ease but effort that makes man.

（e）what 是包含有先行詞在內的關系代詞。

What（= that which）is beautiful is not always good.

They are what（= those which）you call blue stockings.

I did what（= all that）I could.

What money（= all the money which）he gets he spends on drink.

（f）but 是含有否定在內的。

There is no rule but（= which...not）has exceptions.

There was no one present but（= who...not）saw the deed.

（g）as 和 than 原來是連詞，如其后的代詞省略時，則成為關系代詞了。

As many men as came were caught.

This is more money than is needed.

4. 關系代詞的特殊用法

① 限定的用法（Restrictive use）

He is the man who gave me this English magazine.

The gentleman who is standing over there is our teacher.

I received the letter which you sent me yesterday.

將整個的分句看作一個形容詞來修飾先行的名詞，而限定它的意義的，就叫作限定的用法。在這種關系代詞前不要逗號（Comma）。這種 who 和 which，都可以用 that 來代替，因為 that 有限定的意思。

② 繼續的用法（Continuative Use）

I met a man，who（= and he）gave me this English magazine.

He slew all the prisoners，which（= and this）was a very barbarous act.

I received a letter this morning，which（= and it）I have forgotten to bring here.

這并無形容詞的效果，而用逗號使之與其先行的名詞或短語或分句切斷，等于用并列連詞（Coordinate Conjunction）結合起來的兩個對等句子。這就是說，沒有這個從句，單只留下那個主句也能成立。

③ 副詞的用法（Adverb Use）

I will let off this man，who（= because he）has been sufficiently punished already.

A man was sent，who should（= that he might）deliver the message.

One who（= if one）wishes to be in good health should not neglect to take a moderate amount of exercise.

The man，who（= though he）was very poor，never complained of his lot.

凡關系代詞不屬于上舉兩種用法，而引導一個表示“理由、目的、條件、讓步”等的副詞從句的，就屬于副詞的用法。

（注意）以 that 代 who 或 which 只限于“限定的用法”，而在“繼續的用法”時則不可以用 that 來代替。有時因意義上的關系，也不能用限制的 that，例如說“I have heard from my brother that is in America. ”一句是對的，因為限制寫信的是在美國的那個兄弟，不是在其他地方的兄弟。但是如說“I have heard from my father that is in America. ”就是笑話，因為父親只有一位，不能加以限制，而暗示除在美國的那位以外另外還有，這時的 that 應改為 who 才對。通常是以 which 表不限定的，而以 that 表限定的：

The boy that practices will win the race.

The river，which is tidal，is full of shipping.

5. 作為介詞賓語的關系代詞

The house of which you speak is sold.

The house in which he lives is sold.

The chair on which you are sitting is too small.

The man with whom I live is Mr. Chang.

6. 關系代詞的省略

上面第5項中所舉各例，如將其中的介詞移置于動詞之后，便可將關系代詞省略，例如：

The house（which）you speak of is sold.

The house（which）he lives in is sold.

The chair（which）you are sitting on is too small.

The man（whom）I live with is Mr. Chang.

又，在其他沒有介詞的句中只要詞不害意，也同樣可將關系代詞省略，例如：

Is this the book（which）you want to read？

There is no one（who）knows it.

It is not the fine coat（that）makes the fine gentleman.

7. 復合的關系代詞

Whoever（= Any one who）wishes to succeed must persevere.

Bring whoever（= anyone who）wants to come.

He flatters whosever（= anyone whose）father is rich.

Bring whomever（= any one whom）you like.

He succeeds in whatever（= anything that）he undertakes.

Choose whichever（= either that）you like.

8. 關系副詞（Relative Adverb）

這當然應該屬于副詞部分，不過因為它的用法完全和關系代詞一樣，為區別計，特附此說明一下。關系副詞有 when、where、why、how、that 等。

① 引導一個 Adjective Clause 的。

This is the city where I was born.

This is the reason why he has done so.

（注）the city 為關系副詞 where 的先行詞，the reason 為關系副詞 why 的先行詞。where I was born 及 why he has done so 都是形容詞從句。

② 省略先行詞而引導一個 Noun Clause 的關系副詞的用法，和關系代詞中那兼先行詞的 what 的用法相同。

Let me know（the time）when he will come.

Tell me（the place）where you found it.

This is（the reason）why he did it.

This is（the way）how he did it.