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(14)人稱代詞

人稱代詞(Personal Pronoun)有所謂人稱(Person)、格(Case)、數(Number)、性(Gender)四點變化。人稱有第一人稱、第二人稱、第三人稱的區別;格有主格、賓格、所有格三種;數有單數及復數;性有男性、女性、通性和中性,現列表如下:

人稱

數 性

主格

賓格

所有格

第一人稱

單數

復數

I

we

me

us

my

our

第二人稱

單數

復數

you

you

you

you

your

your

第三人稱

單數 男性

   女性

   中性

復數 通性

he

she

it

they

him

her

it

them

his

her

its

their

關于代詞的所有格(Possessive Case),如上表中所示有 my、our、their 等詞,例如:“I made up my mind to stop their coming. ”句中的 my、their 皆是。

代詞的所有格是形容詞而物主代詞(Possessive Pronoun)才是將名詞合并在所有格中的用法,例如:“This watch is mine(= my watch). ”“Your socks are black,but mine(= my socks)are white. ”。這種物主代詞,只有第三人稱,是單數復數同形的,現列表如下:

人稱

主格及賓格

第三人稱

單復同形

my + 名詞 = mine

our + 名詞 = ours

your + 名詞 = yours

your + 名詞 = yours

his + 名詞 = his

her + 名詞 = hers

their + 名詞 = theirs

此外又有所謂復合人稱代詞(Compound Personal Pronoun),又稱反身代詞(Reflexive Pronoun),其人稱、數、格的變化如下表:

人稱

主格及賓格

所有格

第一人稱

myself

ourselves

my own

our own

第二人稱

yourself

yourselves

your own

your own

第三人稱

himself

herself

itself

his own

her own

its own

themselves

their own

一般通稱

oneself

one’s own

反身代詞主要有兩種用法,即①反身的用法和②加強的用法,現分別例解如下:

①反身的用法

這是用作動詞的賓語的。主語和賓語為同一體。

She concealed herself behind the door.(她躲在門背后。)

He picked himself up.(他自己爬起來了。)

Please make yourself at home.(請隨便些。)

I cannot make myself understood.(我不能使人了解我的意思。)

He killed himself.(他自殺了。)

He thought little of himself.(他全不為自己著想。)

One should not praise oneself.(不宜自己稱贊。)

It is hard to know oneself.(自知是很難的。)

She bought a ticket for herself.(她為她自己買了一張票。)(注意:如果用 for her,就可能誤會是為另外一個女人買的票。)

反身代詞可以和介詞連用而構成成語,例如:

Between ourselves,I am going to resign my post.(我只告訴你,我將辭職。)

I went there all by myself.(= alone)(我獨自去那里的。)

I do everything for myself.(我一切都是自己做。)

The light went out of itself.(燈光自滅。)

A thing good in itself may become bad by its use.(本來好的東西也許可以用壞。)

He is beside himself with anger.(他狂怒不已。)

在這種用法中,包括許多慣用的成語,是不宜將 oneself 一字譯出來的,例如:

Did you enjoyed yourself yesterday?(昨天玩得痛快嗎?)

Seat yourself.(請坐。)

He absented himself from school yesterday.(他昨天沒去上學。)

I avail myself of the opportunity of speaking English.(我利用這機會說英語。)

I resolved to revenge myself on him.(我決心對他報仇。)

He made himself sick by overeating himself.(他吃得太多而吃病了。)

Do not overwork yourself.(不要過勞。)

I overslept myself this morning.(我今晨睡得太多了。)

He excused himself for coming late.(他因遲到而道歉。)

Help yourself.(請隨便用。)

②加強的用法

這不是用作賓語,而只是加強意味罷了。

I did it myself.(我親自做的。)

It was the king himself.(那原是國王本人。)

The teacher himself(= Even the teacher)could not have done it.(老師也做不出來。)

I am a Chinese myself.(我就是一個中國人。)

That is his own house.(那是他的家。)

He has a house of his own.(他自己有一棟房子。)

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