(14)人稱代詞
人稱代詞(Personal Pronoun)有所謂人稱(Person)、格(Case)、數(Number)、性(Gender)四點變化。人稱有第一人稱、第二人稱、第三人稱的區別;格有主格、賓格、所有格三種;數有單數及復數;性有男性、女性、通性和中性,現列表如下:
人稱 |
數 性 |
格 |
||
主格 |
賓格 |
所有格 |
||
第一人稱 |
單數 復數 |
I we |
me us |
my our |
第二人稱 |
單數 復數 |
you you |
you you |
your your |
第三人稱 |
單數 男性 女性 中性 復數 通性 |
he she it they |
him her it them |
his her its their |
關于代詞的所有格(Possessive Case),如上表中所示有 my、our、their 等詞,例如:“I made up my mind to stop their coming. ”句中的 my、their 皆是。
代詞的所有格是形容詞而物主代詞(Possessive Pronoun)才是將名詞合并在所有格中的用法,例如:“This watch is mine(= my watch). ”“Your socks are black,but mine(= my socks)are white. ”。這種物主代詞,只有第三人稱,是單數復數同形的,現列表如下:
人稱 |
數 |
主格及賓格 |
第三人稱 |
單復同形 |
my + 名詞 = mine our + 名詞 = ours |
your + 名詞 = yours your + 名詞 = yours |
||
his + 名詞 = his her + 名詞 = hers their + 名詞 = theirs |
此外又有所謂復合人稱代詞(Compound Personal Pronoun),又稱反身代詞(Reflexive Pronoun),其人稱、數、格的變化如下表:
人稱 |
數 |
主格及賓格 |
所有格 |
第一人稱 |
單 復 |
myself ourselves |
my own our own |
第二人稱 |
單 復 |
yourself yourselves |
your own your own |
第三人稱 |
單 |
himself herself itself |
his own her own its own |
復 |
themselves |
their own |
|
一般通稱 |
單 |
oneself |
one’s own |
反身代詞主要有兩種用法,即①反身的用法和②加強的用法,現分別例解如下:
①反身的用法
這是用作動詞的賓語的。主語和賓語為同一體。
She concealed herself behind the door.(她躲在門背后。)
He picked himself up.(他自己爬起來了。)
Please make yourself at home.(請隨便些。)
I cannot make myself understood.(我不能使人了解我的意思。)
He killed himself.(他自殺了。)
He thought little of himself.(他全不為自己著想。)
One should not praise oneself.(不宜自己稱贊。)
It is hard to know oneself.(自知是很難的。)
She bought a ticket for herself.(她為她自己買了一張票。)(注意:如果用 for her,就可能誤會是為另外一個女人買的票。)
反身代詞可以和介詞連用而構成成語,例如:
Between ourselves,I am going to resign my post.(我只告訴你,我將辭職。)
I went there all by myself.(= alone)(我獨自去那里的。)
I do everything for myself.(我一切都是自己做。)
The light went out of itself.(燈光自滅。)
A thing good in itself may become bad by its use.(本來好的東西也許可以用壞。)
He is beside himself with anger.(他狂怒不已。)
在這種用法中,包括許多慣用的成語,是不宜將 oneself 一字譯出來的,例如:
Did you enjoyed yourself yesterday?(昨天玩得痛快嗎?)
Seat yourself.(請坐。)
He absented himself from school yesterday.(他昨天沒去上學。)
I avail myself of the opportunity of speaking English.(我利用這機會說英語。)
I resolved to revenge myself on him.(我決心對他報仇。)
He made himself sick by overeating himself.(他吃得太多而吃病了。)
Do not overwork yourself.(不要過勞。)
I overslept myself this morning.(我今晨睡得太多了。)
He excused himself for coming late.(他因遲到而道歉。)
Help yourself.(請隨便用。)
②加強的用法
這不是用作賓語,而只是加強意味罷了。
I did it myself.(我親自做的。)
It was the king himself.(那原是國王本人。)
The teacher himself(= Even the teacher)could not have done it.(老師也做不出來。)
I am a Chinese myself.(我就是一個中國人。)
That is his own house.(那是他的家。)
He has a house of his own.(他自己有一棟房子。)