(6)語句的解剖
依照前面所說的,所有的語句,從構造上看來,可分為三類,即單句、復句和并列句。我們現在不妨再進一步,將這三種句子來解剖一下,便可更加明白它們的構造和內容了。
Ⅰ. 單句的解剖
現試舉出三句形式不同的單句,作為解剖的實例。
1. You will succeed by diligence.
2. It is not right to tell a lie.
3. Do not tell him such a foolish story.
單句是只有一個 Subject 和一個 Predicate 的,所以我們現在就得把句中的這兩種要素找出來。第一句一見而知主語是 you,謂語是 succeed。第二句的主語是 it,不過它是代表后面的 to tell a lie 的,所以這兩個都要視為主語。第三句字面上沒有主語,因為祈使句多半是將主語的 you 略去了的,所以我們在解剖時應該補上,句子的構造才可顯明地看得出來。
現再詳細列表說明如下:
Subject |
Predicate |
|||
Verb |
Object |
Complement |
Adverb |
|
①you |
will succeed |
by diligence |
||
②it(to tell a lie) |
is |
right |
not |
|
③you |
do tell |
him story such a foolish |
not |
Ⅱ. 復句的解剖
現試舉出二句形式不同的復句,作為解剖的實例。
1. When I was a boy at school,I was often very idle.
2. My parents did not know that I seldom attended school.
復句包含一個主句(Principal Clause)和一個或幾個從句(Dependent Clause),而這種從句,可能有三種,即副詞從句(Adverb Clause)、形容詞從句(Adjective Clause)和名詞從句(Noun Clause)。上例第一句中的“When I was a boy at school”就是一個副詞從句,因為它是形容動詞 was 的。第二句中的“that I seldom attended school”,就是一個名詞從句,因為它是 know 的賓語。
現用表解說明如下:
Connective |
Subject |
Predicate |
|||||
Verb |
Object |
Complement |
Adverb |
||||
① |
Principal Clause |
I |
was |
idle |
often very when… |
||
Adverb Clause |
when |
I |
was |
boy a at school |
|||
② |
Principal Clause |
my parents |
did know |
that... |
not |
||
Noun Clause |
that |
I |
attended |
school |
seldom |
Ⅲ. 并列句的解剖
現試舉出兩句形式不同的并列句,作為解剖的實例。
1. The crow took a pebble and dropped it into the pitcher.
2. All men are mortal;all kings are men;therefore all kings are mortal.
并列句是由兩個以上的同等分句所構成的,有時那些分句因為同一主語,所以可以將后面的主語略去,如謂語也相同時,也同樣可以省略。上例第一句中第二個從句中 dropped 的主語也是 the crow,所以略去了。
現用表解說明如下:
Connective |
Subject |
Predicate |
|||||
Verb |
Object |
Complement |
Adverb |
||||
① |
A |
the crow |
took |
a pebble |
|||
B |
and |
(it) |
dropped |
it |
into the pitcher |
||
② |
A |
all men |
are |
mortal |
|||
B |
all kings |
are |
men |
||||
C |
therefore |
all kings |
are |
mortal |